Chemistry Essay

An increasing interest and intensive research have been devoted towards understanding the chemistry of ionic liquids over the past decade. These liquids are not any new and have extensively been used in organic separation and synthesis. With renewed interest towards these liquids, researchers have started to realize novel uses of ionic liquids and now research efforts have been spread to other specialties within the umbrella of science and technology. While research into ionic liquids has been limited to the classification as esoteric compounds, other applications of ionic liquids continue to be realized such as performance additives, bioreactor applications and in the designing of pharmaceutical compounds has received increasing recognition. Ionic liquids have been thought to be green although noxious ionic liquids have been synthesized with ease. An example of these potentially life threatening liquids have cyanide as their sole anion and alkaloid as the anions[1]. Therefore, there seems to be a misunderstanding on the nature of ionic liquids which has in many times led to the poor definition of ionic liquids. A detailed understanding will generate new insights into sustainable exploitation of ionic liquids in industrial processes. Apart from ILs being praised for being excellent solvents, they are also good catalysts especially in biological systems although they take part in highly selective catalytic solvents[2]. Definition of Ionic Liquids Ionic liquids, abbreviated as IL comprise of a new class of solvents that is mainly composed of ions (cations and anions). They ILs are regarded to be green solvents because of their properties such as negligibility to vapor pressure, high thermostability and non-inflammability. Due to these properties, new biotechnological applications are continuously being discovered. Among the biotechnological applications of ILs which have been developed include whole cell and enzymatic catalysis. While ILs have been labeled ‘green’, the label has recently been questioned and challenged after ILs were shown to decompose as relatively low heat intensities. ILs have also been shown to express some toxicity levels towards microbial cells as well as higher organisms. At the same time, it is possible to modify the physicochemical properties of ILs and come up with designer solvents with unique chemical structures[3]. Perhaps interventions required to make ILs retain their ‘green’ label could be the fine tuning so that the toxicity drawbacks are addressed. Their applications need to be broadened in order to fully maximize their benefits to man. Important properties of ILs have been investigated in order to understand this important class of solvents. However, not every ionic liquid will show similar properties as other classes of solvents. The most common properties of ILs which can be presented by this class of solvents include the liquid range which is 3000C (-96-+2000C)[4]. ILs have also been shown to be excellent inorganic, organic and polymeric materials solvents. The acidic composition of ILs can generally be said to be superacids. Some ILs are highly water sensitive and therefore have to be used in dry boxes. In contrast, other ILs are highly hydrophobic (water haters) and have high air stability. ILs have also shown high thermal stability up to temperatures of 2000C. vapor pressure at room temperature has not yet been estimated and is assumed negligible. While ILs are noninflammable, it has been shown recently that some can be explosive and this raises eyebrows over the tag, ‘green’ solvents. At room temperature, ILs are basically salts with heavy phosphorous or nitrogenous organic rich organic cations with a linear skeleton or chain of alkyl groups. Extensive research has been invested mainly in the imidazolium ILs especially the cations of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium. The structures of these cations have also been studied extensively. ILs are known to be of dual functionality since they have both the cations and the anions. The most common anions of ILs include, the nitrates such as chlorides (Cl-) and bromides (Br-), chloroaluminates such as [Al2Cl4]- Â  and [Al2Cl7]-, nitrates such as [NO3]-, tetrafluorophosphates [BF6]- hexafluorophosphates, Â  [PF6]-Â   and alkyl sulfates [RSO4] such as ethyl sulfate [C2H5SO4]-.

Brutus in an Honorable Man.

Estne Virtus? Confucius said that, â€Å"People with virtue must speak out; people who speak are not all virtuous. † Confucius lived in China around 500 BCE and voiced novel opinions on virtue, politics, ethics, and other abstract ideas. Even today, thousands of years later, many people believe in Confucianism. Confucius was very vocal. In Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar no man is more vocal than Brutus. He assassinates Caesar, pleads to the people for their support, and conducts war with Octavian and Marc Anthony. But is he virtuous? Brutus is not necessarily virtuous; he does all of these actions to gain glory and to show his virtue. Everyone should aspire to be virtuous. However, as seen by Marc Antony and Cassius manipulating Brutus and Brutus’s death, excessive pursuit of virtue can be detrimental. Brutus’s excessive obsession for virtue leads to his failure. Brutus loves Julius Caesar; however Cassius manages to turn Brutus against Caesar by taking advantage of Brutus’s obsession with virtue. Cassius urges Brutus to â€Å"think of the world† and kill Caesar for the good of Rome (1. 2 329). Cassius explains to Brutus that Caesar must be killed in order to preserve Rome, and not because of any other reason, like Cassius’s jealousy. Cassius explains that Caesar is unfit, saying that â€Å"Caesar cannot even swim†, and unworthy to rule Rome, saying that Brutus is more fit. Brutus does not respond to the statements made by Cassius, and draws more attention to the â€Å"general shout[s]† of the people (1. 2 139). Brutus avoids the questions and must â€Å"recount hereafter† of Cassius’s reasoning, Brutus needs time to consider if the conspiracy is virtuous or not (1. 2 174). If virtuous, then he will act. Although Brutus does admit that â€Å"Brutus had rather be a villager / than to repute himself a son of Rome / under these hard conditions at this time / is like to lay upon us† (1. 181-184). Brutus dislikes the dishonor that the tyranny of Caesar brings to Rome. He thinks it detracts from his own virtue. He cares for his virtue. Later on, Cassius also sends letters to Brutus posing as Roman citizens. Cassius gives Brutus the impression that citizens beg him to â€Å"speak, stri ke, and redress† (2. 1 49). When Brutus thinks that the people want Caesar to fall, Brutus tells himself that he joins the conspiracy for the people. In actuality, he joins the conspiracy not to preserve the Republic but to show virtue, to look better, more virtuous, in the eyes of the Roman people. Brutus is not concerned for the people, but for his image when he joins the conspiracy. Brutus should kill Marc Antony when he has the chance, and not be so concerned for his own image. For instance, when Cassius proposes to Brutus that they kill Antony along with Caesar, Brutus thinks that by killing Antony the people will look to him as â€Å"butcher† and not a â€Å"sacrificer† (2. 1 179). Instead, Brutus wants the conspirators to â€Å"[appear] to the common eyes† as â€Å"purgers, not murderers† (2. 1 192 193). This shows that Brutus bases his choices on whether or not people would view him as virtuous. Although, he acts foolishly, for he not only prevents the conspirators from killing Antony, he allows Antony, Caesar’s right hand man, to speak last in Caesar’s funeral. To Brutus, Antony â€Å"can do nothing more than Caesar’s arm / When Caesar’s head is cut off† (2. 1 195-196). Brutus lets Antony speak because it would be viewed as an act of kindness and forgiveness to what was an enemy previously. When Antony enters the pulpit after Brutus, he wins the crowd and convinces them of the conspiracy’s evil. The crowd, the Roman people, now want to set â€Å"fire [to] the traitors’ houses† (3. 269). Brutus thinks he fights for the people, though the people think otherwise. If Brutus had killed Antony, and not been so concerned about virtue, Brutus would have been able to remain in Rome, remain loved by his people. Brutus commits suicide because he believes that doing so will cause people will think of him as virtuous. Brutus is lef t to fight Antony and Octavian by himself at Philippi because Cassius kills himself. Knowing the circumstances, Brutus would rather â€Å"leap in [the pit himself]† than â€Å"tarry till they push [him]† (5. 28-29). Brutus would just as soon kill himself than have himself killed. His reasoning come from the Roman belief that when a person faces dishonor, maybe a military loss, killing oneself is a virtuous way to still obtain honor in spite of what occurred. He declares â€Å"I love / the name of honor more than [he] fear[s] death† and so he runs onto his sword (1. 2 95-96). In doing so Brutus has now doomed the preservation of the Republic for the people. If Brutus had cared for the people, he would have continued to fight for them. Brutus shows that, ontrary to what he says, he has the most concern for his own image and not the well-being of the Roman people. Brutus is a selfish man, not a virtuous man. Brutus fails not because he obtains an excessive amount o f virtue, but because he hunted for virtue excessively. He hunts for glory and virtue so obsessively that he loses sense of what he believes in. Brutus is known to many as the man of great virtue. Although, the virtue of Brutus is forced, unnatural. In the end, this in itself is not virtuous. Virtue, or any characteristic, comes from the manner in which an action is performed and not the result. Odysseus is a similar man. He does many virtuous acts, although he acts knowingly that his effect, the result of his actions, will be virtuous. Odysseus took on both Scylla and Charybdis, evil sea monsters, so he himself could demonstrate his superior virtue. Many of his shipmates, and nearly himself, are killed. Odysseus survives become more â€Å"virtuous,† more â€Å"honorable,† for surviving both monsters. Although, if one looks towards how these men performed these actions, they see no virtue. After all, it is not what one does, but how one does it.

4ps of Samsung Galaxy S3

Sunchips multigrain snacks Lay's potato chips Smiths potato chips Quavers potato snacks Natural Lay's Ruffles potato chips Brands Our products can be found in more than 200 countries around the globe. PepsiCo is a global food and beverage leader with a diverse product portfolio that includes 22 brands that each generate more than $1 billion each in annual retail sales. Take a closer look at the brands and products that make up the PepsiCo portfolio. PepsiCo Inc. NYSE:PEP) is a global manufacturer, distributor, and marketer of food and beverages, owning many well-known brands including Pepsi, Frito-Lay, Tropicana, Gatorade, and Quaker Oats. [1] PepsiCo operates in over 200 countries, with its largest markets in North America and the United Kingdom. [2] Unlike its major competitor, the Coca-Cola Company (KO), the majority of PepsiCo's revenues do not come from carbonated soft drinks. [3] In fact, beverages account for less than 50% of total revenue. [3] Additionally, over 60% of PepsiC o's beverage sales come from its key noncarbonated brands like Gatorade and Tropicana. 4] PepsiCo's diverse portfolio can mitigate the impact of poor conditions in any one of its markets. Strong demand growth in international markets — the company serves 86% of the world's population and international sales account for 48% of revenue — is helping to offset a sluggish domestic market and provided the company with opportunities for continued expansion. [5] [6] PepsiCo is highly exposed to raw materials costs. Prices for the most important input materials, aluminum, PET plastic, corn, sugar, and juice concentrates fluctuate widely. aid fourth-quarter profit rose 17 percent, helped by higher prices, and authorized a new plan to repurchase as much as $10 billion in stock as the world’s largest snack-food maker returns cash to investors. Net income increased to $1. 66 billion, or $1. 06 a share, from $1. 42 billion, or 89 cents, a year earlier, the Purchase, New York- based company said today in a statement. Profit excluding some items totaled $1. 09 a share. Analysts had projected $1. 05, the average of estimates compiled by Bloomberg. Enlarge image PepsiCo Quarterly Profit Exceeds Estimates Amid Marketing DriveDaniel Acker/Bloomberg A customer picks up a two liter bottle of PepsiCo Inc. soda from a supermarket shelf in Princeton, Illinois. A customer picks up a two liter bottle of PepsiCo Inc. soda from a supermarket shelf in Princeton, Illinois. Photographer: Daniel Acker/Bloomberg 4:10 Feb. 14 (Bloomberg) — Hugh Johnston, chief financial officer at PepsiCo Inc. , talks about fourth-quarter results and the outlook for the company. Johnston speaks with Betty Liu on Bloomberg Television's â€Å"In the Loop. † (Source: Bloomberg) Sponsored Links | Buy a link |Samsung Distribution ChannelChief Executive Officer Indra Nooyi has increased prices and worked to boost sales with new products, such as Gatorade Energy Chews and Pepsi Next. PepsiCo has spent more to market brands including Lay’s and put a renewed focus on U. S. soft drinks to revive lagging beverage sales and regain market share from Coca-Cola Co. PepsiCo, the world’s second-largest soft drink maker, rose1. 1 percent to $72. 28 at the close in New York. The shares have advanced 5. 6 percent this year, compared with a 1. 6 percent increase for Coca-Cola. The company’s $10 billion share-repurchase will be from July 1, 2013, through June 2016.PepsiCo will also boost its annualized dividend by 5. 6 percent to $2. 27 a share starting in June. In 2013, PepsiCo intends to pay dividends of $3. 4 billion and buy back $3 billion of its shares. Annual Forecast Earnings per share in 2013 will increase 7 percent from the $4. 10 in 2012, implying profit of $4. 39. Analysts projected $4. 41, the average of estimates compiled by Bloomberg. Chief Financial Officer Hugh Johnston said on a conference call today that the company sees no need for large -scale acquisitions. PepsiCo has also asked for approval from the U. S. Food and Drug Administration for new sweeteners, Nooyi also said on the call.Any restructuring of the company’s beverage bottling business in North America won’t be addressed until early 2014, Nooyi said on the call. That extends a timeline Johnston laid out one year ago, when he said PepsiCo would evaluate its beverage distribution operations in North America through this fall and consider whether to make changes, including divestiture. â€Å"We certainly wouldn’t want to make a change in the business structure while there’s still opportunities to unlock value that might be better unlocked while PepsiCo still owns the business,† Johnston said in a conference call with journalists, declining to elaborate.Fourth-quarter revenue fell 1 percent to $20 billion. Analysts projected $19. 7 billion, on average. PepsiCo Americas Foods volume grew 6 percent in the quarter, helped by acqu isitions and higher sales of Frito-Lay products in North America. Coca-Cola, based in Atlanta, said Feb. 12 that net incomerose 13 percent to $1. 87 billion as sales of non-carbonated drinks in North America such as Powerade helped counter lower demand in Europe. Revenue advanced 3. 8 percent to $11. 5 billion, less than analysts estimated.

Bowen and Ostroffs HRM System Strength Model Essay

Bowen and Ostroffs HRM System Strength Model - Essay Example According to the research findings, nowadays the landscape of the HRM Practices has been changed quite significantly In existing highly competitive and dynamic business environment no business organization can be succeeded without the intensive support of its employees. In this regard, business organizations have started to be more concentrated on the making its Human Resource Management system more effective and strong. For this purpose, different theories and frameworks have been articulated towards making the HRM systems of a business organization more effective strong. The paper explains some crucial aspects of this HRM system strength model. Moreover, the essay also discusses some positive as well as negative aspects of the model so that an effective critical evaluation of the system can be presented in the most effective manner. For the purpose of explaining the disposition of HRM in the existing period of time, there are a number of different theoretical perspective. Among suc h HR related theories, HRM system strength model articulated by Bowen and Ostroff can be considered quite crucial and effective model. This model is based on the attribution theory of Kelley, which states that the degree of distinctiveness, consistency, and consensus are prime factors associated with the situation, which directs people to change their attribute. The Bowen and Ostroff’s HRM system strength model can be considered as an extension of attribute theory. The scholars further classified the attributes, i.e. distinctiveness, consistency, and consensus, as illustrated in the Attribute theory of Kelley.

Jet Blue Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jet Blue Case Study - Essay Example In this case, it is necessary to analyze human resource strategies, policies and practices directed toward the provision of best services within the airline industry. The following paper will examine and make an analysis of resource strategies, policies, and practices and their relation to one of the well-known low-cost U.S. carriers, JetBlue Airways. In terms of hiring practices, JetBlue follows the Equal Employment Opportunities laws through its Corporation Affirmative Action Policy, which impedes any ways of discrimination and harassment against any candidate, employee, suppliers, and customer. As one of the key company’s values, Caring and Integrity in following EEO rules is doubtless (O’reill & Hoffer Gittell, 2001). According to the Corporation Code of Conduct (2014), JetBlue respects individuals in a non-discriminatory manner and without regard on race, gender identity, sexual orientation and religion, age, citizenship, disabilities and such status as veteran. These are all the regulations of the company based on such laws as Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, Americans with Disabilities and Rehabilitation Act of 2008 and Fair Labor Standards Act of 1958 (EEO Laws, n.d.). The process of recruitment should be aimed to not only filling with certain organizational gaps, but be focused on searching for specific skills and experiences of people to build an organization. The recruitment process at JetBlue, according to O’reilly and Hoffer Gittell (2001), is the most important thing as it means to search for those who would fit company values. For internal sources, employees are at the highest concern within the company, as they know the requirements of various positions and are able to take full responsibility on such knowing and desire to hold a new job. JetBlue motivates talented crewmembers in different ways, developing its reputation for special treating of

Lean management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lean management - Essay Example Five principles of lean management includes specify value and identifying the customers, finding the value stream, make value flow, respond to customer pull and seek perfection (Hines, 2010). Increase in consumer demand for quality and fierce competition has created a significant impact on fast food markets. Toyota Motor Company was the first business corporation to extensively develop the concept of lean management in the late 1970s. The occurrence of global recession has created a detrimental effect on organization to reduce costs. McDonald’s have set their sights on nullifying the issue by implementation of lean management. A set of key practices have been utilized by McDonalds to deliver effective service to the customers. Overproduction, inventory, motion, wasting time, defectives and transport are the seven sources of waste that are required to be eliminated. Overproduction is one of the sources that are eliminated by McDonalds by introduction of new system to prepare limited stocks of sides, salad, ingredients and patties to combine them in to finished product. The lessening of duration of the process to 3 minutes has reduced the risk of overproduction. The organization succeeded to maintain the overall production cycle time between 1 and 15 minutes, which enhances customer satisfaction and waste reduction (Muller, 2012). One of the vital elements that company should focus on is continuous improvement by sharing best practice and regular audits. This links with the principle of pursuing perfection. The set of ideas of lean philosophy are no waste and perfect quality can be achieved by application of this process. An opportunity of wastage and cost is incurred by holding stock. McDonaldscan eliminate all inventories by implementation of sophisticated stock control system. The excess handling of goods has resulted in to occurrence of

Reflective report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Reflective report - Essay Example These included self confidence, the levels of conservatism exuded, assertiveness, as well as risk taking. The other aspect that was considered was the attitude of the diners. The objective was also to profile the complainers against the non complainers in terms of choice of action that the former decides to take. Other than, the objective sought to establish the relationships that lies between the aforementioned factors. Lastly, the study sought to come up with what would be termed as an appropriate complaint behavior from the Chinese diners. The essay was evaluated by my professor. From the evaluation, the comments that were received were very positive. In fact, the evaluation insinuated that the research had been collectively conducted in a successful manner. The ideas that were focused on in the essay showed consistency as well as a well thought outline. In fact, the final grade that I was assigned from the evaluation shows that it was a successful study. In the feedback that I re ceived, however, there were some points that were raised by the instructor. For instance, there was the recommendation that I adopted a language which would easily be understood by everyone. The criticism was that I should be coherent in explaining some of the issues raised in the course of the essay. Being a dissertation on management, the focus on the anticipated course of action that Chinese diners would take should be brought out clearly from the start of the essay till the end. Otherwise, the essay is relatively well written and well researched. It gives the necessary information on the topical subject. In the case of a viva in the mid ear,my performance in terms of the essay would not have been bad. In fact, I would rate my essay as good. This comes from many factors which mainly relate to a personal evaluation on the essay done. In reference to providing good answers to the questions provided, it is assertive to state that the essay covered well the questions that were highli ghted in the course of its research. The topics were discussed in view of how relevant they are in the current society. Section 2 The second essay was on a study that was conducted to affirm how relevant CCB was in terms of modern day marketing. In the days gone by, it was the norm. However, in recent years things had changed. Consequently, the study was relevant and was about perfect timing in terms of the predicament. In reference to CCB, research has been carried out under different times in many countries but the information that was availed was not sufficient s of being specific to the developing markets found in countries such as those in Asia. This should bear in mind that countries such as China have a peculiar trait in that their culture as well as religious composition shows homogeneity. The evaluation of the essay was done by my professor. I view of the grading system that is currently used, I would say that the essay was quite precise in highlighting the essence of CCB i n modern day marketing. The issues that were worth praising from my essay is how the ideas that formed the argument were brought out well and clear. The argument was presented in a way that showed either a deep understanding of the topical subject or a well researched work. That is what made the instructor be impressed by my work. However, in as much as the essay showed exemplary understanding of

Ecosystem Components Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ecosystem Components - Research Paper Example A discussion on how the knowledge of the structure and how these can help to develop plans for its restoration. The implication of the interaction of the species will also be briefly discussed. Within a community that exists in a park, many populations are not likely to be found as being evenly distributed. There exists a patterns and process of spatial distribution of species. The most important patterns are the open community structure which is distributed more or less randomly. There is also the closed community pattern with sharp boundaries. Each species within the ecosystem in a park play a very important role and interacts with other species in the environment. In the interactions the species provide food and, therefore, a basis on which other species survive. There are basically two main types of communities: terrestrial and the aquatic biomes. Terrestrial biomes include the tundra, desert, grassland, temperate forest, taiga, tropical forest (Agee, 2000). The ecosystem changes over time giving the stronger species the opportunity to survive over time and live to withstand the test of time. The weaker ones go to extinction over time. Human interactions with the park may be positive or negative. Human’s efforts to preserve the parks have positive effects on the lives of the species in the ecosystem. However, sometimes the humans destroy the environment by cutting down trees and sometimes killing the animals for food. Besides, other economic activities of humans such as the production industries pollute the environment by emitting substances such as carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus thus interfering in their cycles. The knowledge of humans on the structure and functions of the ecosystem has played a very fundamental role in ensuring that the parks are well preserved. As such this has helped to prevent several plants and animal species from going into extinction (Alcamo & Elena M. Bennett, 2003). This knowledge ought to

Inspired a shared vision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Inspired a shared vision - Essay Example I also had to have adequate facts to deliver the vision that included research details and real-life examples. These facts are the ones that led to the embracing of the vision with almost all the members present expressing interest in the vision and verbalizing their support. Previously, the outgoing leader of the organization inspired me to a shared vision. The vision to engage in the current tendering processes of the organization was developed by this leader who approached me and enlightened me on the importance of engaging in business opportunities with the group’s savings. It is from this experience that I witnessed the importance of using facts and examples to influence a shared vision. Having the vision that is in line with the general organizational goal of taking advantage of the business opportunities. Inspiring a shared vision is not easy. Leaders have a responsibility to lead the organization and its members to greater heights following their objectives. This forward movement calls for visionary leadership that entails having a vision and sharing it with the others. It is only when it is shared that the vision becomes a

BlackBoard On Line Assignment #3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BlackBoard On Line #3 - Assignment Example In essence, the video is a pitch for new employees by Walmart. The company is selling itself to any potential employees out there, and showing the current ones that it still values them even when actively trying to recruit others. I was particularly impressed by the narrator’s discussion of Walmart’s culture and how new employees can grow in her company where all the right conditions are available for employee development. The video is trying to send a message that it is easy to grow at Walmart. This is a very good initiative that will surely have an impact, and Walmart should be commended for it. Page 324 of chapter 11 talks about the value of motivation. A majority of people hold a perception that only current employees should always be motivated by companies. This is a fallacy because potential employees also need to feel motivated enough to want to work for a firm. Job seekers have to have reasons other than money for wanting to work for a particular company, and one of the biggest reasons should be motivation that is driven by factors other than money (work environment, culture, ethics, and growth). Page 342 of chapter 11 talks about personalizing motivation and the importance of applying motivation in different cultures around the world. This is because companies nowadays have employees from all over the globe, and their diverse cultures cannot be receptive to the same motivation techniques. Smart managers and firms know that they have to tweak and adapt their motivation approaches to suit everybody, regardless of their culture/background. Page 356 of chapter 12 talks about how to recruit employees from a diverse population, something that Walmart is trying to do in the discussed video. The company is basically selling itself to everyone, regardless of where you are from. Because its culture is conducive

European Economic Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

European Economic Community - Essay Example Three treaty organizations were considered for the creation of the European Communities known under EC since 1992. The European Economic Community, being the processor of the EC, was a treaty between Belgium, France, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and West Germany. It aimed for the economic inclination of the participating counties which would eventually lead to common political goals and institutions. Today the organization numbers 25 members which all fall under the European Union organization. These are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland1. The aim of this paper is to investigate to what extend the European Union has penetrated the economy of each party and to what extend it represents a new legal order meaning the effect the of the common regulations and policies followed on the participant countries. What's more, the prevalence of Community Laws over local Laws is examines and for this matter the Dutch transport firm Van Gend & Loos case is discussed as an example case. All former are sustained through comparison within the EC member countries and comparison to development rates universally. Since European Community is a pillar of the European Union focusing on environmental, social and primarily economical matters, the two terms are used interchangeably for the rest of this paper. Common Policy Issues The first issue to discuss here are the emerging problems of the common momentary policy implemented four year ago by twelve of the fifteen members and how these were tackled by the Community authorities. To start with and moving away from the prevalence issues per se, attaining the deficit goals is not an easy task and there is not much confidence for all countries. Strong economies are expected to perform better than smaller economies that might not achieve the set standards and conflicts within the union boundaries are common to occur. Secondly, the bilateral conversion rates are put into question as to how much these reflect the currency prior to conversion. Thirdly, the core or strong economy countries will be a lot more lucrative in risk taking; in fact they will be a lot more conservative. Interest rate level however on the fast growing countries however will be a lot higher and countries such as Ireland, Portugal, Greece and Spain. The former might encounter great issues when managing their economies (Krijsman, 1998). The entire former sum up to a list of problems the Community had to tackle even before embracing the common monetary policy. Of course the authority of the Community enforced the members to follow the guidelines imposed to them; these however were based on the actual facts and the potential of each member. In any case, the members followed, or are still trying to in case they have not achieved, the set standards imposed by the EC. The EC Facts The European Union focuses on economic and environmental policies on subjects as agriculture, trade, humanitarian aid and taxation policies. The unique property of common economic policy met within the European Union boundaries holds an extra property; all participating countries will fail or succeed. This is the main concern of countries that refuse to join the European Union as Switzerland and Norway that refuse to jo

Financial Statement Analysis of Square Pharmaceuticals Essay Example for Free

Financial Statement Analysis of Square Pharmaceuticals Essay I hope and elieve that you will be kind enough to consider any types of mistakes that occurred at the time of preparing this proposal. Thank you. Yours sincerely, Roll : 24040 Executive Summary A few comments on the organization and content of the report may be helpful to reader. In doing so, we realize that some topics may be more important to some reader then to other. For that reason we some advanced material (e. g. questionnaires) appears in appendices. Our goal is to help the reader who must compare financial position of these two companies. First we focused on the essential element of this report. We have included here the introduction of this report, objectives of the report, findings, methodology, so that the reader can get ideas easily. The second part is very important from the sense of this report. Here we have given our recommendation of the report. We have tried out level best to give the commendation neutrally. It also contains the conclusion of this report. Contents: Topic Page Introduction Objective of the Report Limitation of the Study Literature 2 Analysis 4 Summary and Conclusion 11 Introduction: Financial Statement includes the Balance Sheet, Income statement and other tatement which determine the companys performance. Financial ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from information in companys financial statements. Financial ratios are the analysts microscope. It allowed them to get a better view of the firms financial health than Just looking at the raw financial statements. Objective of the Report This term paper is prepared under submitted as a major requirement of the Financial Accounting Course. Financial Accounting provides the facts needed to make informed economic as well as operational control. Limitation of the study is about: ) Based on only secondary source of data b) Time bound restrict me for further research on the topic c) possible to analyze every ratio of the financial statement There is not Literature: Financial Ratio: Financial ratios are useful indicators of a firms performance and financial situation. Financial ratios can be used to analyze trends and to compare the firms financials to those of other firms. Current Ratio Current ratio is the ratio of current assets of a business to its current liabilities. It is the most widely used test of liquidity of a business and measures the ability of a usiness to repay its debts over the period of next 12 months. Current ratio is calculated using the following formula: Current Ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities Receivables Turnover Ratio An accounting measure used to quantify a firms effectiveness in extending credit as well as collecting debts. The receivables turnover ratio is an activity ratio, measuring how efficiently a firm uses its assets. Receivables turnover ratio = Net receivable sales/ Average accounts receivables Inventory Turnover A ratio showing how many times a companys inventory is sold and replaced over a period. The days in the period can then be divided by the inventory turnover formula to calculate the days it takes to sell the inventory on hand or inventory turnover days. Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory Asset Turnover : The amount of sales generated for every dollars worth of assets. It is calculated by dividing sales in dollars by assets in dollars. Asset Turnover Ratio = Net Sales Average Total Assets Return On Asset: An indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its total assets.

Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle Engineering Essay

Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle Engineering Essay A compressor is a mechanical device that used increases the pressure of a compressible fluid. The inlet pressure level can be any value from a deep vacuum to a high positive pressure. The discharge pressure can range from sub-atmospheric levels to high values in tens of thousands of pounds per square inch. The inlet and outlet pressure are related, corresponding with the type of compressor ant its configuration. Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. The fluid can be any compressible fluid, either gas or vapor, and can have a wide molecular weight range, that are from 2 for hydrogen to 352 for uranium hexafluoride. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible, so the main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids. Applications of compressed gas vary from consumer products, such as the home refrigerator, to large complex p etrochemical plant installations. A vapor compression refrigeration system uses a refrigerant sealed in an airtight and leak proof mechanism. The refrigerant is circulated through the system and it undergoes a no of changes in its state while passing through various components of the system. Each such change in the state of vapor is called a process. The process of repetition of a similar order of operation is called a cycle. The compression cycle is given this name because it is the compression of the refrigerant by the compressor which permits transfer of heat energy. The refrigerant absorbs that from one place and releases it to another place. In other words the compressor is used to put the heat laden refrigerant vapor in such a condition that it may dispute the heat it absorbed at low pressure from the refrigerated space, to an easily available cooling medium. Oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical processing plants, and natural gas processing plants are among the many types of industrial plants that often u tilize large vapor-compression refrigeration systems. 2.1 Description of Vapor Compression System Most of the modern refrigerators work on this cycle. In its simplest form there are four fundamental operations require to complete one cycle. Compressor The low pressure vapor in dry state is drawn from the evaporator during the suction stroke of the compressor. During compression stroke the pressure and temperature increase until vapor temperature is greater than the temperature of condenser cooling medium. Condenser When the high pressure refrigerant vapor enters the condenser heat flows from condenser to cooling medium thus allowing the vaporized refrigerant to return to liquid state. Expansion Valve After condenser the liquid refrigerant is stored in the liquid receiver until needed. From the receiver it passes through an expansion valve where the pressure is reduced sufficiently to allow the vaporization of liquid a low temperature of about -10C. Evaporator The low pressure refrigerant vapor after expansion in the expansion valve enters the evaporator or refrigerated space where a considerable amount of heat is absorbed by it and refrigeration is furnished. The schematic diagram of the arrangement is as shown in Figure 2.1 below. The low temperature, low pressure vapor at state B is compressed by a compressor to high temperature and pressure vapor at state C. This vapor is condensed into high pressure vapor at state D in the condenser and then passes through the expansion valve. Here, the vapor is throttled down to a low pressure liquid and passed on to an evaporator, where it absorbs heat from the surroundings from the circulating fluid (being refrigerated) and vaporizes into low pressure vapor at state B. The cycle then repeats. B D C A Figure 2.1: Simple Vapor Compression System. The exchange of energy is as follows: Compressor requires work, w. The work is supplied to the system from the surroundings During condensation, heat Q1 the equivalent of latent heat of condensation etc, is lost from the refrigerator. During evaporation, heat Q2 equivalent to latent heat of vaporization is absorbed by the refrigerant. There is no exchange of heat during throttling process through the expansion valve as this process occurs at constant enthalpy. 2.2 Simple Vapor Compression Cycle Figure 2.2 below shows the simple vapor compression cycle: Figure 2.2: Simple Vapor Compression Cycle Process 1-2: The refrigerant as a mixture of liquid and vapour corresponding to state point 1 enters the compressor where isentropic compression takes place. The compression process increases the temperature of refrigerant from lower limit T2 to the upper limit Tl. Work is supplied to the system and after compression, the vapour is wet or saturated but not superheated. Process 2-3: The refrigerant in the form of vapour enters the condenser at state 2 and heat is rejected at constant pressure and temperature. At exit from the condenser, the refrigerant becomes saturated liquid at state point 3. Process 3-4: The refrigerant at state point 3 enters the expansion cylinder expands isentropic ally and its temperature drops to lower temperature T2 at the end of the expansion process. Work is obtained during the expansion process. Process 4-1: The liquid refrigerant at point 4 enters the evaporator and extracts heat at constant pressure and temperature from the space or substance being cooled and thus produces refrigerating effect. 2.3 Refrigeration Refrigeration may be defined as lowering the temperature of an enclosed space by removing heat from that space and transferring it elsewhere. A device that performs this function may also be called a heat pump. Freon is a trade name for a family of haloalkane refrigerants manufactured by DuPont and other companies. These refrigerants were commonly used due to their superior stability and safety properties: they were not flammable nor obviously toxic as were the fluids they replaced, such as sulfur dioxide. Newer refrigerants that have reduced ozone depletion effect include HCFCs (R-22, used in most homes today) and HFCs (R-134a, used in most cars) have replaced most CFC use. HCFCs in turn are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol and replaced by hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), such as R-410A, which lack chlorine. However, CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs all have large global warming potential. Newer refrigerants are currently the subject of research, such as supercritical carbon dioxide, known as R-744.[4] These have similar efficiencies compared to existing CFC and HFC based compounds, and have many orders of magnitude lower global warming potential. 3.0 TYPES OF COMPRESSORS 3.1 Centrifugal Compressor Centrifugal compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas. A diffuser (divergent duct) section converts the velocity energy to pressure energy. They are primarily used for continuous, stationary service in industries such as oil refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and natural gas processing plants. Their application can be from 100ÂÂ  horsepower (75ÂÂ  kW) to thousands of horsepower. With multiple staging, they can achieve extremely high output pressures greater than 10,000ÂÂ  psi (69ÂÂ  MPa). Many large snowmaking operations (like ski resorts) use this type of compressor. They are also used in internal combustion engines as superchargers and turbochargers. Centrifugal compressors are used in small gas turbine engines or as the final compression stage of medium sized gas turbines. 3.2 Axial Flow Compressor Axial-flow compressors are dynamic rotating compressors that use arrays of fan-like airfoils to progressively compress the working fluid. They are used where there is a requirement for a high flow rate or a compact design. The arrays of airfoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one stationary. The rotating airfoils, also known as blades or rotors, accelerate the fluid. The stationary airfoils, also known as stators or vanes, decelerate and redirect the flow direction of the fluid, preparing it for the rotor blades of the next stage. Axial compressors are almost always multi-staged, with the cross-sectional area of the gas passage diminishing along the compressor to maintain an optimum axial Mach number. Beyond about 5 stages or a 4:1 design pressure ratio, variable geometry is normally used to improve operation.Axial compressors can have high efficiencies; around 90% polytropic at their design conditions. However, they are relatively expensive, requiring a large number of components, tight tolerances and high quality materials. Axial-flow compressors can be found in medium to large gas turbine engines, in natural gas pumping stations, and within certain chemical plants. 4.0 APPLICATION OF COMPRESSORS Gas compressors are used in various applications where either higher pressures or lower volumes of gas are needed: Pipeline transport of purified natural gas To move the gas from the production site to the consumer, or the transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used. Often, the compressor in this application is driven by a gas turbine which is fueled by gas bled from the pipeline. Thus, no external power source is necessary. Plants and refineries Petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants, petrochemical and chemical plants, and similar large industrial plants for compressing intermediate and end product gases. Refrigeration and air conditioner equipment To move heat from one place to another in refrigerant cycles: see Vapor-compression refrigeration. Gas turbine systems To compress the intake combustion air Commercial industry Storing purified or manufactured gases in a small volume, high pressure cylinders for medical, welding and other uses. Cylinder SCUBA diving, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and other life support devices to store breathing gas in a small volume such as in diving cylinders. Many various industrial, manufacturing and building processes to power all types of pneumatic tools.

Female Genital Mutiliation

Female Genital Mutiliation Female Genital Mutilation According to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO), Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting and female circumcision, means partial or complete non-therapeutic removal or injury of each of the external female genitals for religious or cultural reasons (utz-billing Kentenich 225). FGM is an injury, physical and mental harm towards women and girls. Female Genital Mutilation has existed for over two thousand years, and over 125 million women and girls have experienced FGM in about 30 countries (Wilson 2013). It happens to 2 million girls every year (utz-billing Kentenich 226). FGM is performed mainly in Africa. (utz-billing Kentenich 226). A narrative coming from the article from Bulletin of the World Health Organization describes a real story, â€Å"I was just seven years old when I was cut,† said Leyla Hussein, a British woman of Somali origin. â€Å"The first thing I hears was my sister screaming. Then it was my turn. Four women held me down while they cut my clitoris. I felt every single cut. The pain was so intense – I blacked out.† (Shetty,Priya 6). Instruments that are used to execute FGM are unsterilized knives, razors, scalpels, pieces of broken glass, and so forth, or sterilized instruments under medical conditions (utz-billing Kentenich 226). The ages of girls/women when they undergo circumcision differ regionally (utz-billing Kentenich 225). In Ethiopia and Nigeria, 7- to 8-day-old babies are mutilated. In Somalia, Sudan and Egypt, girls, between 5 and 10 years old, experience circumcision. In some regions in East Africa, women undergo the circumcision during the wedding night, in some regions in West Africa during their first pregnancy (utz-billing Kentenich 225). There are four types of FGM in practice. Type one (clitoridectomy) means â€Å"removal of the clitoral foreskin†; type two (excision) stands for â€Å"removal of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the labia minor†; type three (infibulation) stands for â€Å"removal of the clitoris and the labia minora and majora†; other types such as â€Å"pricking, piercing of clitoris or vulva, scraping of the vagina†, and so forth, are classified as type four (utz-billing Kentenich 226). Many of women and girls who have undergone some forms of FGM suffer severe mental, physical and social consequences. Women will suffer different types of physical consequences of FGM, such as â€Å"bleeding, wound infections, sepsis, shock, micturition problems, fractures, and so forth, as well as undertaking chronic physical problems like â€Å"anemia, infections of the urinary tract, incontinence, infertility, pain, menstruation problems, dyspareunia, and so on (utz-billing Kentenich 225). Mental consequences of women after undergoing FGM include the feelings of â€Å"incompleteness, fear, inferiority and suppression† that have a great impact on the whole life of women (utz-billing Kentenich 227). FGM also causes sexual problems such as loss of sexual desire caused by dyspareunia and reduced or no ability to have an orgasm are confirmed (utz-billing Kentenich 227). According to the record from Utz-billing and Kentenich, women have some symptoms of â€Å"chronic irritability and nightmares’, and woman also have a higher risk for â€Å"psychiatric diseases† such as â€Å"depressions, psychosis, neurosis and psychosomatic diseases† (utz-billing Kentenich 227). Ground on the interview study done by 47 women in Senegal, over 90 % of patients count FGM as a traumatic experience and depict feelings of â€Å"helplessness, fear, horror and severe pain†; 78% did not expect the intervention; nearly 80% had â€Å"severe fear or affective disorders† after FGM (utz-billing Kentenich 227). FGM is deeply rooted in the tradition and culture of a society (utz-billing Kentenich 225); in some cultures or societies, FGM is being performed since the mists of time. Female Genital Cutting is a social norm, which means that men and women often support FGM without question since it is a conventional practice that has occurred in communities from generations to generations (orchid project website). FGM serves the encouragement of the patriarchal family system and can be an instrument for birth control (utz-billing Kentenich 226). FGM is considered as being closely connected with cleanliness, virginity, healthiness, beauty and morality (orchid project website). In some societies, the mutilated genital is a symbol of feminity, of transition from girl to woman and of beauty (utz-billing Kentenich 226). In some communities, the girl who does not experience circumcision is considered as â€Å"unclean and sexually promiscuous†(orchid project website). On the other side, many communities believe that a girl needs to be cut in order to marry well; even though mothers do not want their daughters to be mutilated because of her own painful experience, she is less likely to quit the practice as a result of â€Å"social sanctions in place† (orchid project website). In other words, the girls who are cut will have a good marriage because the goal is to guarantee moral behavior and faithfulness of women to their husband, and it also promotes purity and enhances fertility (utz-billing Kentenich 226). On this basis, FGM also serves for protection of the woman from suspicions and disgrace (utz-billing Kentenich 226), and the girls will be thought to be cleaner, more fertile and will be a virgin until her wedding night (orchid project website). In addition, economic reasons play an important role in practicing FGM. â€Å"Parents get money for the pride proportionally to the degree of the operation† (utz-billing Kentenich 226). Women who experienced FGM have good incomes and have a high social status (utz-billing Kentenich 226). Based on the research which a total of 500 Nigerian women answered the reasons for FGM done by utz-billing Kentenich, we could know that 95% response that FGM is executed for cultural and traditional reasons; 49% said that FGM helps to prevent promiscuity; 18% answered that not mutilated vulva is ugly; 11% believed that FGM prevents the death of male newborns; 9% claimed that the reason to perform FGM is due to pressure of relatives; 6% reported religious reasons (utz-billing Kentenich 226). Concerning human rights, none of the cultural, religious, or social reasons for the performance of FGM could be accepted, since FGM has no health benefits and always leave women with lifelong physical and emotional trauma, and FGM objects women the right of freedom from bodily detriment. FGM is already condemned by many international organizations; the fight to end FGM is now global, with international agencies such as WHO, the World Medical Association, the UNESCO, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICER), and so forth (utz-billing Kentenich 228), and has strong support from governments. Looking back to history, international pressure to end FGM has been aggrandizing since 1997, when the WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA issued a joint statement calling on governments to ban the practice (Shetty,Priya 6). The commitment was renewed in 2008 and, in 2012, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution to enhance efforts towards the elimination of FGM (Shetty,Priya 6). Great Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Belgium have specific laws that ban FGM (utz-billing Kentenich 228). Africa, Egypt, Benin, Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bisson, Kenya, Niger, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and the Central African Republic are in the course of e liminating the practice of FGM with specific laws (utz-billing Kentenich 228). Canada, USA, New Zealand and Australia also have laws against FGM (utz-billing Kentenich 228). For instance, in Germany, FGM is regarded as a simple, dangerous, serious bodily injury, manslaughter, or maltreatment of wards; offenders who execute FGM can be sentenced to 15-year imprisonment (utz-billing Kentenich 228). Throughout history, the very first international seminar about FGM was held in 1979, â€Å"recommending the adoption of clear national policies, establishment of national commissions, intensification of general public awareness, and TBA education† (Wilson 27). After several decades of doing cross-agency evaluated studies, papers, and articles recommending methods to eliminate FGM, and holding many conferences, six key factors for waiving FGM have become well recognized by NGOs and government bodies as good practice. These six key elements are â€Å"a non-coercive, non-judgmental human rights approach†, â€Å"community awareness raising of the harmfulness of the practice†, â€Å"the decision to abandon needs to be collective†, â€Å"requirement of community public affirmation of abandonment†, â€Å" intercommunity diffusion of the decision†, and â€Å"a supportive, change-enabling environment† (Wilson 27). Based on the six key factors mentioned above, ascertaining the most effective and suitable strategies for eliminating FGM has become a controversial issue referring to moral, disease, and legal models (Wilson 27). Furthermore, according to Diop, in order to effectively end FGM, â€Å"human rights-based education programs should be continued, legislation against FGM should be enforced and funding both locally and nationally for initiatives to end FGM should be increased† (Priya Shetty 7). Adopting a commonly stands, some argue that practicing FGM should be condemned and punished by legislation; however, formal legislation is considered as a poor instrument in terms of cultural change (Wilson 27). Moreover, the legislative approach does not work effectively. The situation is that several sovereign states have legislation which outlaw the practice of FGM, either as a specific criminal act or as an act of bodily hard or injury, and many states have an extraterritoriality clause which makes it unlawful for their citizens to go abroad to let FGM practice (Brown, Katherine, David Beecham, and Hazel Barrett 3). UK’s Female Genital Mutilation Act (2003) only applies to those who have permanent residency rights, so people having temporary residency visas, such as students, undocumented migrants and asylum seekers, and so forth, are uncommitted (Brown, Katherine, David Beecham, and Hazel Barrett 3). Therefore, as Diop said, legislation against FGM should be tougher and b e enforced so that FGM can be effectively solved. In other words, what governments should do is to implement appropriate legislation and policies to keep girls from being taken overseas and undergone the circumcision. Simple education campaigns that are designed to impart knowledge on the disadvantageous health outcomes of FGM can be problematic as well, although these education campaigns do a little work (Wilson 27). Women in some countries are not given the same educational opportunities as men. In other words, women have very little power; if they want to end the cycle of mutilation, they would be left behind and would be in trouble (Emily Deruy News). Since FGM is deeply rooted in the tradition and culture of a society, women fear that if they do not make their girls cut, these girls would not be good for marriage, which would make their lives be full of exclusion and poverty in many places (Emily Deruy News). Advocating education can be a possible solution for ending FGM. Education could lead women to the labor market, which would have an impact on weakening traditional family structures. School should be playing an important part in raising awareness of FGM. An education program adopted by every school can provide a breakthrough in cultural attitudes (Nursing Standard 35). School can also impart knowledge to girls from people from different cultures and from mentors who do not support FGM; in the meanwhile, girls may be less likely to continue the cycle of mutilation (Emily Deruy News). Not only women and girls should be educated, but also men and boys should be educated. Educating men and boys about the harm and risk of FGM is considerable. One report released by UNICEF presents data demonstrating that in many countries where FGM takes place â€Å"most women and men think the practice should end† (Priya Shetty 6). But the problem is that even though men want the FGM to end but th ey have to follow it because of social reasons (Emily Deruy News). On this point, the status of women should be increased via education so that women could have abilities to fight for themselves; however, increasing the status of women is also a complex and deep problem involving culture, societies, and tradition. Public declaration for ending FGM could be a possible solution. According to David Adam, â€Å"by spreading the message of abandonment along their social networks, neighboring communities are introduced to the idea of abandonment, often reducing or even removing resistance to the idea† (Priya Shetty 7). This solution works effectively. For example, the very first public declaration took place in Senegal in 1997, and since then the number of community abandoning FGM has grown exponentially (Orchid Project website). Moreover, communities in Guinea, Somalia and the Gambia have done public declarations of abandoning practice, which is good, and other communities are declaring as well (Orchid Project website). In addition, FGM messaging that encourages abandonment can be introduced in the social media, which could draw attention to people all over the world and let people start focusing on FGM (Orchid Project website). Also religious leaders, government officials, celebrities, and superstars can take good advantage of their influential voices in order to contribute to support FGM abandonment (Orchid Project website). Not only NGOs and governments want to abandon FGM, but also churches in Kenya are uniting in effort to end female genital mutilation. The Kenyan bishops and other faith groups are combined together to form a committee to help to end the practice of Female Genital Mutilation (National Catholic Reporter 6). Since â€Å"the church is interested in promoting values and cultures that will enhance human life†, what they have done is to sign the national plan for the clergy to outlaw the execution of FGM, and they consider FGM as a â€Å"retrogressive† practice which â€Å"degrades a woman’s life†(National Catholic Reporter 6). So the churches in Kenya think that FGM must be stopped. In short, compared to what NGOs and governments have done, churches do not have great influence on ending FGM, but churches play a helpful role in assisting to end FGM. Overall, those people and organizations that do not support FGM are always trying to find some ways to stop FGM; however, what they have done does not effectively play a part in ending practices in short term, but their efforts do work. Whereas, the progress in ending FGM is slow. On the basis of data from Priya Shetty, the rates of FGM in a few countries are decreasing. In Kenya, these rates in women aged 15- to 49- year-old fell from 38% in 1998 to 26% in 2008; in the Central African Republic, rates fell from 43% in 1994 to 24% in 2010 (Shetty,Priya 6). After several decades of effort by every single movement of abandoning Female Genital Mutilation, according to the UNFPA/UNICEF Joint Program, 10,000 communities have abandoned Female Genital Mutilation all over the world, which is a good sign (Orchid Project website). This phenomenon occurs in the countries, such as Senegal, Mauritania, Kenya, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Nigeria (Orchid Project website). This data tells us that attitudes towards FGM have been changing in countries, even though it is not that obvious; however, this means even if the execution of FGM is still universal, there is a change in opinions taking place, which could help to pave the way for further action (Orchid Project website). In the light of Orchid Project website, some countries in West Africa made huge progress on FGM abandonment. For instance, over 5,500 villages have abandoned FGM in Senegal (Orchid Project website). It is still sad to know that more than 3 million female infants and children are at risk for undergoing FGM annually (Sipsma 120). The existence of FGM gives these innocent girls and women lifetime pain and injury. I think the existence of FGM is so ridiculous, and it is also ridiculous that women and men in some regions still subject to practice because of tradition, culture, and society, even though they all think FGM should end. Good thing is that some West Africa countries, like Senegal, stop executing FGM and attitudes towards practicing FGM is changing as well. According to this current trend, I could say confidently that ending FGM is a long-term program and is just around the corner, if every single person, NGO, and government continues to work on the projects of ending FGM whole-heartedly. Work Cited Brown, Katherine, David Beecham, and Hazel Barrett. The Applicability Of Behaviour Change In Intervention Programmes Targeted At Ending Female Genital Mutilation In The EU: Integrating Social Cognitive And Community Level Approaches. Obstetrics Gynecology International (2013): 1-12. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. Churches Unite In Effort To End Female Genital Mutilation. National Catholic Reporter 39.26 (2003): 6. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. Emily Deruy, â€Å"How Realistic Are the New ‘Solutions’ to the Female Genital Mutilation Epidemic?† ABC News (2013). http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/realistic-solutions-female-genital-mutilation/story?id=19750777singlePage=true> Web. 11 Dec. 2014 â€Å"Orchid Project†, http://orchidproject.org/category/about-fgc/why-fgc-happens/> Shetty, Priya. Slow Progress In Ending Female Genital Mutilation. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization 92.1 (2014): 6-7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Dec. 2014. Sipsma, Heather L., et al. Female Genital Cutting: Current Practices And Beliefs In Western Africa. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization 90.2 (2012): 120-127F. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. Utz-Billing, I., and H. Kentenich. Female Genital Mutilation: An Injury, Physical And Mental Harm. Journal Of Psychosomatic Obstetrics Gynecology 29.4 (2008): 225-229. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Dec. 2014. Wilson, Ann-Marie. How The Methods Used To Eliminate Foot Binding In China Can Be Employed To Eradicate Female Genital Mutilation. Journal Of Gender Studies 22.1 (2013): 17-37. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.

Dramatic Effects in Romeo and Juliet III.1 Essay -- William Shakespear

Romeo and Juliet is a sixteenth-century play written by William Shakespeare. Amongst the most renowned of Shakespeare's plays, Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that focuses on the fated relationship of two star-crossed lovers. The play focuses on themes of love and hate, mostly concerning the feud between the two opposing families, the Montagues and the Capulets. This play came at a time when such social events like courting were not just accepted, but expected. Witchcraft and fate were also strongly believed to be real which makes aspects of the play seem somewhat surreal to a modern day audience. III.1 is a pivotal part of the play, within this one scene, the possibility of the play being a comedy is destroyed and there is only one unfortunate direction in which the fortunes of the characters can spiral. As this scene is particularly important within the play, as a pivotal point destroying comedy and confirming tragedy, there is much contrast in earlier scenes by which circumstances look more favorable. Up to this point, the circumstances of love between Romeo and Juliet looked very promising. At Juliet's balcony, Romeo proclaims his love for Juliet, "It is my lady! " O, it is my love!" Whereas Romeo proclaims his love openly, Juliet is caught off guard when she says, ?O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?/ Deny thy father, and refuse thy name-/ Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love/ And I?ll no longer be a Capulet.? Already, this shows strong characteristics of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo?s love completely overrides any subtlety that should be shown in the face of the raging family feud. Juliet, although she proclaimed her love to Romeo in what she thought was private, was very mindful of the other affecting factors, such a... ...he was a very entertaining character for the duration of the play that he was alive. The fact that it is the pivotal point in the play where tragedy confirmed adds extra excitement to it. With the deaths of Mercutio and Tybalt and the banishment of Romeo, there is little doubt in the audience?s mind that only tragic events will occur from this scene and on. The main, tragic theme of love and hate, which occurs throughout the play, gives the play an air of excitement and helplessness as far as any positive events happening after III.1. The fight scene and the powerful language added extra drama that the audience would have found very exciting and would have helped the audience to feel the emotions of the characters more adeptly. All in all, Shakespeare crafts III.1 very effectively to set up the pivotal point of the play where tragedy is the only way the play can go.

Goethe & Vonnegut :: essays research papers

Powerful Emotion (3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anyone who reads The Sorrows of Young Werther by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe instantly feels the emotional intensity portrayed by Werther, the protagonist. His speculations about life are indeed unique, especially in modern times when life often goes by quickly without notice. Perhaps that is one of the reasons why his immense emotion strikes a chord with readers as coming from someone crazy or dangerous. Werther’s mental state seems incredibly alive at some times while seemingly lifeless at others. This lifeless state of mind is similar to another sorrowful character in Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five. In his story of Billy Pilgrim, a similar wonder engulfs the reader, causing us to question the cause of both his mindset and of our own. These books bring a couple of interesting questions to mind†¦ How much emotion is too much? How little is too little? These characters struggle with powerful emotion in many ways, and are therefore judged as mad. The two protagonists engage in totally different journeys, but each of them leads the reader to discover the limits of human emotion. These limits are reached by Werther and Billy, therefore leading to both characters’ demise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In simple terms, I think that Billy Pilgrim in Slaughterhouse Five demonstrates the extremity of too little emotion, in contrast with Werther in The Sorrows of Young Werther demonstrating the extremity of too much emotion. Both of these characters live their lives in suffering because of this lack/surfeit of emotion. I’d like to start my analysis off with the odd style of Kurt Vonnegut and how he portrays his main character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Billy Pilgrim has mental problems. Too many to name, in fact. He has difficulty in almost every aspect of life because of these mental problems. Vonnegut has concocted an anti-war novel that blames Billy’s health (or lack thereof) on the trauma of being in a war, but poor Billy has many problems even before the war. He seems to be extremely emotionally detached from all aspects of life. Yes, he gets married and has children, but it seems to be portrayed as somewhat sarcastic and unimportant. This is the danger of being unemotional in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the strongest points proving Billy’s lack of emotion is when he is at war and essentially tries to set himself up for his enemy to shoot him (Vonnegut 29). The incident seems very ironic considering Vonnegut’s anti-war opinions, because he seems to want Billy to honor the fairness of war.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 19

Damon wouldn't have thought a sadistic old fool who whipped a woman to pieces for not being able to pull a cart meant for a horse would have any friends. And Old Drohzne, indeed, may not have had any. But that wasn't the issue. Neither, strangely, was murder the issue. Murder was an everyday affair around the slums and the fact that Damon had initiated and won a fight was of no surprise to the inhabitants of these dangerous alleyways. The issue lay in making off with a slave. Or perhaps it went deeper. The issue lay in how Damon treated his own slaves. A crowd of men – all men, no women, Damon noticed – had indeed gathered in front of the doctor's building, and they did in fact have torches. â€Å"Mad vampire! Mad vampire on the loose!† â€Å"Drive him out here for justice to be done!† â€Å"Burn the place down if they won't turn him out!† â€Å"The elders say to bring him to them!† This seemed to have the effect the crowd desired, clearing the streets of the more decent people and leaving only the bloody-minded sort who'd been hanging about at a loose end, and were only too glad of a fight. Most of them, of course, were vampires themselves. Most of them were fit vampires. But none of them, Damon thought, flashing a diamond-bright smile around the circle that was closing in on him, had the motivation of knowing that the lives of three young human girls depended on him – and that one of them was the jewel in the crown of humanity, Elena Gilbert. If he, Damon, was torn to pieces in this fight, those three girls would lead lives of hell and degradation. However, even this logic didn't seem to help him prevail as Damon was kicked, bitten, head-butted, punched, and stabbed with wooden daggers – the kind that slice vampire flesh. At first he thought he had a chance. Several of the youngest and fittest vampires fell prey to his cobra-quick strikes and his sudden strafes of Power. But the truth was that there were simply too many of them, Damon thought, as he snapped the neck of a demon whose two long tusks had already scored his arm almost through the muscle. And here came a huge vampire, clearly in training, with an aura that made Damon feel bile at the back of his throat. That one went down with a foot in the face, but he didn't stay down; he came up, clinging to Damon's leg and allowing several smaller vampires with wooden daggers to dart in and hamstring him. Damon felt black dismay as his legs went out from under him. â€Å"Sunlight damn you,† he grated through a mouthful of blood as another tusked, red-skinned demon punched him in the mouth. â€Å"Damn you all to the lowest hells†¦.† It was no good. Dully, still fighting, still using great swaths of Power to maim and kill as many as he could, Damon realized this. And then everything became dreamlike and dazed – not like his dream of Elena, whom he seemed to see constantly in his side-eye, weeping. But dreamlike in a feverish, nightmare sense. He could no longer use his muscles efficiently. His body was battered and even as he healed his legs, another vampire scored a great cut across his back. He was feeling more and more as if he were in a nightmare where he could not move except in slow motion. At the same time, something in his brain was whispering for him to rest. Just rest†¦and it would all be over. Eventually, the greater numbers bore him down, and somebody appeared with a stake. â€Å"Good riddance to new rubbish,† the stake bringer said, his breath reeking of stale blood, his leering face grotesque, as he used leprous-looking fingers to open Damon's shirt so as not to make a hole in the fine black silk. Damon spat on him and had his face stamped on hard in return. He blacked out for a moment and then, slowly, came back to pain. And noise. The gleeful crowd of vampires and demons, drunk on cruelty, were all doing a stomping, rhythmic, improvised dance around Damon, roaring with laughter as they thrust imaginary stakes, working themselves into a frenzy. That was when Damon realized that he was actually going to die. It was a shocking realization, even though he'd known how much more dangerous this world was than the one he'd recently left, and even in the human world he had only escaped death by a hairsbreadth more than once. But now he had no powerful friends, no weaknesses in the crowd to exploit. He felt as if seconds were suddenly stretching into minutes, each one of incalculable worth. What was important? Telling Elena†¦ â€Å"Blind him first! Get that stick blazing!† â€Å"I'll take his ears! Someone help me hold his head!† Telling Elena†¦something. Something†¦sorry†¦ He gave up. Another thought was trying to break into his consciousness. â€Å"Don't forget to knock out his teeth! I promised my girlfriend a new necklace!† I thought I was prepared for this, Damon thought slowly, each word coming separately. But†¦not so soon. I thought I'd made my peace†¦but not with the one person who mattered†¦yes, who mattered the most. He didn't give himself time to think about that subject further. Stefan, he sent out on the most powerful but clandestine jettison of Power he could manage in his foggy state. Stefan, hear me! Elena's come for you – she'll save you! She has Powers that my death will let loose. And I am†¦I am†¦s – At that moment there was a stumbling in the dance around him. Silence descended on the drunken revelers. A few of them hastily bowed their heads or looked away. Damon went still, wondering what could possibly have stopped the frenzied crowd in the very midst of their revelry. Someone was walking toward him. The newcomer had long bronze hair that hung in separate unruly tangles down to his waist. He was naked to the waist, too, exposing a body that the strongest demon might envy. A chest that looked as if it had been carved out of gleaming bronze stone. Exquisitely sculpted biceps. Abs – a perfect six pack. There was not a spare ounce of fat on his entire tall leonine frame. He wore unadorned black trousers with muscles rippling under them at every step. All along one bare arm he had a vivid tattoo of a black dragon eating a heart. Nor was he alone. He held no leash, but by his side was a handsome and uncannily intelligent-looking black dog that stood at alert attention every time he paused. It must have weighed close to two hundred pounds, but there was not an ounce of fat on it, either. And on one shoulder he carried a large falcon. It wasn't hooded as most hunting birds were on forays out of their mews. It also wasn't standing on anything padded. It gripped the bare shoulder of the bronze young man, digging its three front talons into the flesh and sending small streams of blood down his chest. He didn't seem to notice. There were similar, dried streams beside the fresh ones, undoubtedly from previous journeys. In the back, a single talon made a lonely red trail. An absolute hush had fallen on the crowd and the last few demons between the tall man and the bloody, supine figure on the ground scrambled out of his way. For a moment, the leonine man was still. He said nothing, did nothing, emitted no trace of Power. Then he nodded at the dog, which padded forward heavily and sniffed at Damon's bleeding arms and face. After that it sniffed at his mouth and Damon could see the hairs go up on its body. â€Å"Good dog,† said Damon dreamily as the moist, cool nose tickled his cheek. Damon knew this particular animal and he knew also that it did not fit the popular stereotype of a â€Å"good dog.† Rather, it was a hellhound who was used to taking vampires by the throat and shaking them until their arteries spouted blood six feet high into the air. That kind of thing could keep you so occupied that having a stake slipped into your heart might seem an afterthought, Damon mused, holding perfectly still. â€Å"Arrtez-le!† said the bronze-haired youth. The dog obediently backed off, never taking its shining black eyes off Damon's, who never took his own eyes off it until it was some feet away. The bronze-haired youth glanced over the crowd briefly. Then he said with no particular vehemence, â€Å"Laissez-le seul.† Clearly, to the vampires no translation was necessary, and they began to edge away immediately. The unlucky ones were those who didn't edge fast enough and were still around when the bronze young man took another leisurely look about him. Everywhere he looked, he met downcast eyes and cringing bodies, frozen in the act of edging but apparently turned to stone now in an attempt not to attract attention. Damon found himself relaxing. His Power was returning, allowing him to make repairs. He realized that the dog was going from individual to individual and sniffing at each one with interest. When Damon was able to lift his head again, he smiled faintly at the newcomer. â€Å"Sage. Think of the devil.† The bronze man's brief smile was grim. â€Å"You compliment me, mon cher. You see? I'm blushing.† â€Å"I ought to have known you might be here.† â€Å"There is infinite space to wander, mon petit tyran. Even if I must do it alone.† â€Å"Ah, the pity. Tiny violins are playing – † Suddenly Damon couldn't do it anymore. He just couldn't. Maybe it was because of being with Elena before. Maybe it was because this hideous world depressed him unutterably. But when he spoke again, his voice was entirely different. â€Å"I never knew I could feel so grateful. You've saved five lives, though you don't know it. Though how you stumbled on us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sage crouched down, looked at him with concern. â€Å"What is it that has happened?† he said in a serious voice. â€Å"Is it that you hit your head? You know: news travels fast here. I heard you arrived with a harem – â€Å" â€Å"That's true! He did!† Damon's ears caught a bare whisper of sound at the edge of the street where he'd been ambushed. â€Å"If we take the girls hostage – torture them – â€Å" Sage's eyes met Damon's briefly. Clearly, he had heard the whisper as well. â€Å"Saber,† he said to the dog. â€Å"Just the speaker.† He jerked his head, once, in the direction of the whisper. Instantly, the black dog jumped forward, and faster than it took for Damon to describe it in his own mind, had sunk his teeth into the throat of the whisperer, flipped him over once, causing a distinctive crack, and was bounding back, dragging the body between his legs. The words: Je vous ai inform au sujet de ceci! blasted by on a surge of Power that made Damon wince. And Damon thought, yes, he did tell them before – but not what the consequences would be. Laissez lui et ses amis dans la paix! Meanwhile, Damon was slowly getting up, only too glad to accept Sage's protection for himself and his friends. â€Å"Well that certainly should have done it,† he said. â€Å"Why not come back and have a friendly drink with me?† Sage peered at him as if he'd gone mad. â€Å"You know the answer to that is no.† â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"I told you: no.† â€Å"That's not a reason.† â€Å"The reason I will not come back for a friendly drink†¦mon ange†¦is that we are not friends.† â€Å"We pulled some pretty scams together.† â€Å"Il y a longtemps.† Abruptly, Sage took one of Damon's hands. There was a deep and bloody scratch on it, which Damon hadn't got around to healing. Under Sage's gaze it closed, the flesh turned pink, and it healed. Damon let Sage continue to hold the hand for a moment, and then, not ungently, retrieved it. â€Å"Not such a very long time ago,† he said. â€Å"Away from you?† A sarcastic smile formed on Sage's lips. â€Å"We count time very differently, you and I, mon petit tyran.† Damon was full of befuddled cheer. â€Å"What's one drink?† â€Å"Along with your harem?† Damon tried to picture Meredith and Sage together. His mind balked. â€Å"But you've made yourself responsible for them anyway,† he said flatly. â€Å"And the truth is that none of them are mine. I give my word on that.† He felt a twinge when he thought about Elena, but his word was true. â€Å"Responsible for them?† Sage seemed to be reasoning it out. â€Å"You pledged to save them, then. But I only inherit your pledge if you die. But if you die†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The tall man made a helpless gesture. â€Å"You have to live, to save Stefan and Elena and the others.† â€Å"I'd say no, but that would make you unhappy. So I'll say yes – † â€Å"And if you don't perform, I swear I'll come back to haunt you.† Sage regarded him for a moment. â€Å"I don't think I've ever been accused of being unable to perform before,† he said. â€Å"But of course that was before I became un vampire.† Yes, Damon thought, the meeting of the â€Å"harem† and Sage was bound to be interesting. At least it would be if the girls discovered who Sage really was. But maybe no one would tell them.

Culture Area/Region Essay

Quebec is Canadian province found in the central part of the country. It is a unique region in the country as it has the only predominantly French-speaking people, wherein the official language is French. It is Canada’s largest province in terms of land area, and is the second most populated province (Historical Foundation of Canada, 2008). Because of this, the region possesses a very interesting and distinctive culture. It has distinctive culture because of several factors. These factors, including language ties and religious ties, are the main reasons which have kept Quebec a tightly knit place. Quebec’s Language Ties The time period during which Quebec’s language ties were established was from the end of 1960s to the 70s. In the fall of 1969 the National Assembly of Quebec issued the Bill 63 which aims to promote the French language all over the region. The bill also promoted the teaching of French language even in English schools, as well giving the immigrants the chance to learn the language by offering them French classes. Through this, the immigrants are able to blend in or integrate into the Quebec environment (Belanger, 2000a). There was however, a problem which came with this Bill. Instead of promoting the language, it seemed that it was guaranteeing all of Quebec the right to choose the language of instruction for their children. This is because it gave the people the freedom of choice, especially of parents, to send their children to English schools. This is against the linguistic policy for promoting French, which the local Quebecers agreed upon. So, as the number of Anglophones (English-speaking) and Allophones (a mother tongue other than English or French) increased rapidly in Quebec, the dominance of the French language was potentially threatened. This was also in line with the rapidly decreasing number of Francophone (French-speaking) Quebecers being born each year (Beaudin, Boudreau, & Benedetti, 2006). Because of the result of this Bill, there was a need to study the status of the French language in the province, and come 1974, the Bill 22 was issued, making French their official language. Bill 22 was passed and was adopted by the National Assembly of Quebec in ’74, making French the official language in Quebec. The government supervised the application of the Bill, and mandated that all of the public institutions present had to address the public administration in French, making it the official language in contracts, forcing corporations to change their names into French names (Belanger, 2000a). Schools during this time were given the freedom of choice for any of the language to be used for instruction, but the entrance to English schools are only for the children who had a prior knowledge of English. This means that all the Anglophones would be able to go to these English schools. This assured the coexistence of French and English languages, yet maintaining French as the official language. At present, nothing can challenge the preeminent French language in Quebec, as it is one of their defining characteristic of their distinctive culture. Every people of Quebec share the objective of preserving and developing their French culture, and one way is to preserve their French language. The language has become the language of the public, using it to communicate with everyone, all over the province. The number of bilingual Francophone, Allophone, and Anglophone Quebecers has increased throughout the years, enabling them to fully participate in any affairs of the province. Businesses were conducted mostly in French in the province, making their culture flourish even more. The Francophone Quebecers have shown openness to others, as they felt secured with their own language and culture. Quebecers have a strong sense to protect their cultural heritage, and it is manifested by their efforts to preserve their language. They accepted and readily learned English language because for them, it is not a threat that they must do away with. This is the confidence that Quebecers possessed; no matter what happens, whatever language gets introduced in the province, they have proven that their language ties with their native French tongue is so strong, it is unbreakable. Quebec’s Religious Ties The time period during which some important aspects of Quebec’s religious ties were established was from the 1850s to the early 1900s. Looking back in history, when France colonized Canada, it also brought its religion, and spread Roman Catholicism all over the lands, reaching one of the largest provinces of Canada which is Quebec. After several years of religious ups and downs, as well as the emergence of other religious teachings everywhere, the Christian faith started to grow not only in the province but in all of Canada (Belanger, 2000b). In this period, Quebec experienced the rise of power and the reputation of the Roman Catholic Church in the province. It has rose in great levels, and this is partly because of the increasing influence of the Church to the people, as the number of religious congregations in the province multiplied indefinitely. Many classical colleges were also established, wherein almost half of the graduates enters priesthood. But despite all this, there were still those who opposed, and have continually struggles to convince the French Quebecers. These were the Liberals and the Ultramontanes, people who have radical liberal ideology that remained present and strong for a long period of time, though in the end, they were to loose and succumb to Christianity (Belanger, 2000b). The Church gained many privileges in Quebec, including full guarantees to confessional schools, since the only schools permitted in Quebec at that time were these kinds of schools. The civil registries of the province were kept by the Church, allowing the religious marriage as the only form of marriage acceptable. Church corporations were given the privilege of not paying taxes, and the tithe was given legal sanctions. Generally speaking, the Catholic Church of Quebec was totally in control of education, public services like health and sanitation, and even their charitable institutions. At that time, the church had become in practice, the State. The following years marked the triumph of the Church. Christianization was promoted to the masses, where network of catholic groups were established in different parts of the province. This was also the time when Christianization was wished through mass media, establishing catholic newspapers, and the Church even ran a network of theatres in Church basements. With this kind of grounding in religion, Quebec developed tightly-knit religious ties all over the region, and they were recognized as a very unique province because it is overwhelmingly unified when it comes to religion. It is dominated by Roman Catholic Quebecers, and this can be attributed or be considered as a legacy of the colonial times, where France brought in the religion. Just like language, the religious ties are well related and closely associated to that of their colonizer. This proves that their religion was preserved well and has already endured hundreds of years of changes and reforms. References: Beaudin, M. , Boudreau, R. , & Benedetti, G. D. (2006). New Canadian Perspectives The Socio-economic Vitality of Official Language Communities. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www. canadianheritage. gc. ca/progs/lo-ol/perspectives/english/dyna/p3_p2. htm Belanger, C. (2000a). The Language Laws of Quebec. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://faculty. marianopolis. edu/c. belanger/QuebecHistory/readings/langlaws. htm Belanger, C. (2000b). The Roman Catholic Church and Quebec. Retrieved June 2, 2000, from http://faculty. marianopolis. edu/c. belanger/quebechistory/readings/church. htm Historical Foundation of Canada. (2008). Quebec. Retrieved 2008, June 2, from http://www. thecanadianencyclopedia. com/index. cfm? PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0006591

Differences between Colonial Regions Essay

Introduction The New England, Middle and Southern colonies were the part of the New World which used to belong to the British. Although the colonies all had good things, all of the regions had things that didn ´t help them grow as a region. Some colonies had rocky soil for example. Having a good climate and a good topography is part of agriculture, having materials to work is part of manufacturing. Industry Each of the three regions had different types of industry. The New England colonies used to do shipbuilding activities, lumbering and fishing. The Middle Colonies used to export agricultural goods and natural resources. The Middle Colonies were also called the breadbasket colonies because the individuals that lived in the Middle Colonies used to have farms that could go from fifty to one-hundred and fifty acres. The Middle colonies used to export timber, furs, coal and iron. The Southern colonies used to export tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo, lumber and furs. The Southern colonies also used to export farm products such as corn and other vegetables. Agriculture, Climate, and Topography The New England colonies had the colder climate because their region is far more in the north than the Middle or the Southern colonies. The New England Colonies used to loose population during the winter due to the snowstorms. The New England colonies had a rocky soil so farming was difficult, they had small farms that could sustain their families but it wasn ´t enough to export. The New England colonies were able to grow potatoes, tomatoes, blue berries, cranberries and tobacco. One of the differences with the Southern colonies is that the New England colonies used to import and the Southern used to export. The Middle Colonies used to grow a lot of grains such as corn, wheat and in the Middle colonies there were also farmed animals which result in meet. The Southern colonies used to have the warmest of the climates. It was a dry and hot climate. In the Southern colonies there was a  need to farm to live. For that reason the Southern colonies used to grew a lot of tobacco, rice a nd indigo and they exported it. The Southern colonies had such a rich soil that the people in the southern colonies could farm in almost anywhere. Their soil was the best one to farm. People The people that lived in the New England colonies were mostly Puritans and Pilgrims. In the Middle Colonies the people who settled where the settlers from Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, France and Scotland. New Sweden and New Netherlands joined and became Delaware and that junction was made by the Duke of York. The Southern colonies were settled by the Puritans, the Puritans who settled in the Southern colonies settled mostly for economic reasons. The Puritans usually would take African slaves for the Southern Colonies. Conclusion All the colonies need to have agriculture, industry, climate and government a founding date. All the colonies had excellent things such as a good and fertile soil that the Middle colonies had, but there are also bad things such as the New England having a rocky soil which didn ´t help their industry neither their a agriculture. Every colony had at least a bad thing but luckily the colonies had good things that canceled the bad ones. a. Closing statement: All the Colonies have different things between themselves. b. Rewarded Thesis: Every colony had a bad thing but luckily the colonies had other good things the others didn ´t have.

Demand & Supply , Examine the Argument in Favour & Against Minimum Wage Law in Uk

* BUSINESS DECISION ANALYSIS* * London* *School*of Accountancy & Management Course Instructor: Prof. Armaan Nehal. N. Panchasara (ID no: ST0005944) Masters of Business Administration Assignment: A * (Using Demand & Supply: examine the arguments in favour & against minimum wage law in UK*) * *Total words: 1,402 Demand It refers to the willingness and ability of buyers to purchase goods and services at different prices. Supply It refers to the willingness and ability of sellers to provide goods and services for sale at different prices What* *is minimum wage? A minimum wage is the lowest monthly, daily or hourly that employers may legally pay to their employees or workers. Or in other words, it can be explained as the lowest wage at which workers may sell their labour. What is minimum wage law in U. K? A National Minimum Wage (NMW) was introduced for the first time by the Labour government of UK on 1 April 1999, and it’s been practiced hence fore. The current minimum wage of UK* as per October 2009 Demand curve of labour: It is assumed that the higher the wage, the fewer hours an employer will demand of an employee. This is because, as the wage rate rises, it becomes more expensive for firms to hire workers and so firms hire fewer workers. The demand of labour curve is therefore shown as a line moving down and to the right. {draw:frame} Supply curve of labour: It is assumed that workers are t o ready labour for more hours if wages are high. Graphical economic representation of this relationship is plotted as the wage on the vertical axis and the quantity (hours) of labour supplied on the horizontal axis. Since increase in wages, increase the quantity supplied, the supply of labour curve is upward sloping, and is shown as a line moving up and to the right. {draw:frame} Effect of Minimum wage law on demand & supply: {draw:frame} Nearly all introductory textbooks on study of economics, it states, increasing the minimum wage decreases the employment of minimum-wage workers. More such textbook says: â€Å"If a higher minimum wage increases the wage rates of unskilled employees above the level that would be established by market forces, the quantity of employment for unskilled workers will fall. The minimum wage will price the services of the lowest productive (and therefore lowest-wage) workers out of the market. †¦ The direct results of minimum wage are clearly mixed. Some workers, mostly those whose previous wages were closest to the minimum, will enjoy higher wages. Other, particularly those with the lowest wage rates, will be unable to find work. They will be pushed into the ranks of the unemployed. If there is rise in the level of minimum wage, then there is rise in level of unemployment, because if the minimum wage is increased the demand for labour falls as it is less profitable for the firms to employ as many people. It is assumed that higher the wages, the fewer hours an employer will demand of an employee, as the wage rate rises, it becomes more expensive for firm to hire workers and so firms hire fewer workers. The demand of labour curve is therefore shown as a line moving down and to the right. While merging the demand and supply curves of labour, we can examine the effect of minimum wage. Assuming that supply and demand curves for labour will not change as a result of raising the minimum wage. If no minimum wage is in the place, workers and employers will continue to adjust the quantity of labour supplied according to price until the quantity labour demanded is equal to the quantity of labour supplied, i. e. reaching Equilibrium price, where demand and supply curves intersect. As shown in above graph. Arguments in Favour of Minimum wage law: Motivates and encourages employee to work more efficiently. By increasing incomes for the lowest-paid workers, the cost of government social welfare decreases. Stimulates consumption of low-income people by putting more money in their hands that spend their entire pay checks. Does not have a substantial effect on unemployment compared to most other economic factors and so it does not put any extra pressure on welfare systems. According to Historical evidence it is noticed at current levels, that it neither hurts businesses nor reduces job creation. A study of U. K. tates showed that businesses' average and annual payrolls grow faster and employment grew at a faster rate in UK with a minimum wage imposed, the study showed a correlation, but did not prove causation to claim. Increases the work ethic for those who earn very little, as employers demand more return from the higher cost of hiring these workers. Arguments in Against the Minimum wage law: Discourages further education among the poor by encourage people to enter the job market. The National Minimum Wage had a negative impact on the staffing levels within our retail stores. The stores are operating for fewer hours as compared to they were several years ago in order to absorb the impact of the strong increases. Businesses spend fewer amounts on training their employees. Reduces profit margins of business owners as employing minimum wage workers, thus it encouraged to move to businesses that do not employ low-skill workers. Businesses try to compensate their effects by raising the prices of the goods being sold thus it caused inflation and increasing the costs of goods and services produced. Does not improve the situation of those who suffer from poverty, it benefited some at the expense of the poorest and least productive. It gave a limitation on the freedom of both employers and employees, and can result in the exclusion of certain groups from the labour force. As a labour market is parallel of political-economic protectionism, it excludes low cost competitors from labour markets, hampers firms in reducing wage costs during trade downturns, and generates various industrial-economic inefficiencies as well as unemployment, poverty, and price rises, and generally impairment of functions. Reduction in quantity demanded of workers, either through reduces in the number of hours worked by individuals, or through reduces in the number of jobs. A NMW set above the free-market wage for certain groups raises the marginal cost of employing people – so firms will cut jobs, reduce hours of work for employees and unemployment will rise. Other workers will demand higher wages to maintain pay differentials (this is known as â€Å"pay leap-forging†). An increase in the total wage bill may cause cost-push inflation and damage the price competitiveness of UK producers in international markets. Young and low-skilled workers will lose out – firms will tend to employ older workers whose experience is greater. There will be a substitution effect of works against younger participants in the labour market. A minimum wage will not ease poverty because many poor households do not have a income earner. Poverty is concentrated in those groups where no one is in paid employment. A minimum wage has little direct effect on these households – better to introduce a minimum income guarantee. A NMW does not take into account regional differences in cost of living and will have a effect of distortion on the way the UK labour market works. Effects of minimum wage law: Effects on the distribution of wages and earnings among low-paid and higher-paid workers. Effects on the distribution of incomes among high-income and low-income families. Effects on the skills of workers through job trainings and the deferring work to acquire education. Effects on profits and prices. Employment effects, the most frequently studied aspect Conclusion Since the introduction of a national minimum wage in the UK in 1999, its effects on employment were subject to extensive research and observation by the Low Pay Commission. The Low Pay Commission found that, rather than make employees redundant, employers have reduced their rate of hiring, reduced staff hours, increased prices, and have found ways to cause current workers to be more productive (especially service companies). Neither trade unions nor employer organizations contest the minimum wage, although the latter had especially done so heavily until 1999. References: Abowd, John M. , Francis Kramarz, David N. Margolis and Thomas Philippon (2000), â€Å"A Tail of Two Countries: Minimum Wages and Employment in France and the United States†, mimeo, CREST, Paris, September. Angriest, Joshua and Alan Krueger (1999), â€Å"Empirical Strategies in Labour Economics†, in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds. ), Handbook of Labour Economics,