Greece World War II paper essays

Greece World War II paper essays The Greek populace desired to stay out of the war in 1940. They did not have a very strong government. At the time it was a monarchal parliament under King Paul II. General Ioannis Metaxas was allowed to function as a dictator under the auspices of the king. Metaxas was well known as a general, and was able to strengthen Greece against the foreign threat that Italy and Germany posed. Metaxas became somewhat like Adolf Hitler or Bennito Mussolini. He dissolved parliament, declared a state of emergency, abolished trade unions and political parties, made strikes illegal, arrested political opponents, and censored the press. Metaxas was violently anti-communist. He exiled and even tortured communist citizens. After Metaxas death in 1941, a new leader was sought after to rebuild Greece. After the Germans vacated Greece in their slow withdrawal back to Germany, Greece became very unstable politically. The next leader to help unify and restructure Greece was Georgios Papandreou. Papandreou was elected as the Prime Minister and was very republican in his policies. The ensuing instability of the country led many to doubt Papandreou and his abilities. This eventually led to a civil war. This Greek Civil War (1945-1949) was fought mainly by communist leftists against republican rightists. Britain was involved in the beginning stages of the Civil War, but had to transfer the responsibility to the United States when it became too expensive. The United States was very helpful to Greece by giving four hundred million dollars in aid. This aid was a result of the Truman Doctrine. President Harry Truman designed what is called the Truman Doctrine as a way to thwart communism from spreading. The basic idea was to aid countries that were on the verge of switching to communism by giving them enough money to reestablish democracy to the country. Greece came close to being taken over by commu ...

The History Of The Negotiation Power Tourism Essay Essay Example

The History Of The Negotiation Power Tourism Essay Essay Example The History Of The Negotiation Power Tourism Essay Paper The History Of The Negotiation Power Tourism Essay Paper In general, negotiation mean dickering procedure between two or more parties seeking to detect a common land and make an understanding to settle a affair of common concern or decide a struggle ( Business Dictionary.com ) . Harmonizing to Fisher A ; Ury in their book Geting to YES: Negotiating Agreement without Giving In, negotiating is a basic ways in acquiring what you want from other peoples ( 1981 ) . While in Oxford Dictionary, dialogue average treatment aimed at making an understanding. In Women Are Geting Even ( WAGE ) web site, they interpret dialogue as conversation between two parties in order to do an exchange. Harmonizing to Rusk ( 2006 ) , the significance of dialogue is treatment intended to bring forth an understanding . It besides can be mentioning as common solutions that used to do a determinations and settle down the jobs ( Moore, 2012 ) , a procedure which is two or more parties attempt to hold on the rate of goods and services that they exchange ( Robbins A ; Judge, 2003 ) . Conflict and dialogue are a fact of mundane work-life, yet it frequently produces anxiousness ( Cutts, 2012 ) . The UK Border Agency has announced that there are still proficient jobs with on-line booking service ( Kelly, 2012 ) . This statement shows that sometimes online engagement faced a job such as lost record ( Kirschbaum, 2009 ) , security issues ( Fane, 2010 ) and proficient issues ( Scoot, 2012 ) . There are jobs that faced by client when they used online engagement system. Despite the fact that all the respondents ( except for one ) usage computing machines about every twenty-four hours, 14 % believe that booking online is non procuring in general ( Bogdanovych et al, 2006 ) . Conflict happen because of these jobs. Conflict happen when people did non hold with the issue, it will make a clash or tenseness between that person or groups ( Nahavandi, 1999 ) . Negotion is a procedure that analyzing the facts of state of affairs, exposing the involvement of both parties involver and bargaining to work out the struggle every bit many as possible ( Moore, 2012 ) . Negotiation permeates the i nteraction of about everybody in the organisation ( Robbins A ; Judge, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Lucas ( 2008 ) , struggle might happen because of differing perceptual experience, inadequate or hapless communicating and besides contrary outlooks. These jobs frequently happen when covering with client particularly in travel bureau. In touristry industry dialogue is an of import procedure to derive a common understanding of something, particularly to go bureaus. It is important for them to corroborate what their client wants and demand. Through dialogue struggle between travel bureau and client can be reduced. Negociating through countries of struggle can frequently take to win-win state of affairss agreeable to parties, cut downing sick felling and struggle ( Queensland Government, 2011 ) . Travel agents have the dialogue power because they have maximal pick to offer to their clients ( Travel Cafe Inc 2011 ) . This means they have assortment of picks that they can acquire from their t ravel providers and they can give us the best trade with best value of possible. Online booking deficiency of firsthand cognition and seldom gives client chance to talk with person knowing about service that they are booking ( Morelock, 2012 ) . The clients and travel agents can help us to acquire what we want in our holiday. Online booking allow client to do all travel programs on the cyberspace means they can make it any clip of the twenty-four hours or dark at place or while they re on their tiffin interruption at the office ( Oakley, 2012 ) . It is true when we are making booking online we can do a engagement everyplace and anytime but we can non negociate the monetary value of the touristry merchandise that we wish to book. If we are negociating with travel agents, we have the opportunity to acquire lower monetary values as possible. Price dialogue normally occurs during buying of stuffs or supplies ( Francois, 2012 ) . For illustration, if a travel bundle to Cameron Highlands costs about RM300 for two darks, the clients can negociate the monetary value lower and can acquire around RM250. With dialogues, both parties will have their ain benefits and it is a win-win state of affairs ( Rusk, 2006 ) . When client asks an agent to negociate, means client are basically inquiring the agent to subsidise the ir holiday ( Brock, 2009 ) but through on-line system, client had no alteration to negociate with an agent because the monetary value is fixed. The Marriott International, Hilton Hotels, Sheraton Hotels A ; Resorts and others was charged in San Francisco Federal Court on charges conspired to utilize their market laterality to repair the hotel monetary values with travel web sites like Travelocity, Booking.com and Expedia, a subordinate of Priceline.com From this instance we can see that client can non negociate the monetary value because the monetary value is fixed. The purpose of the dialogues is to make up ones mind the monetary value that is acceptable for both parties ( Francois, 2012 ) From monetary value dialogue procedure it becomes dickering procedure. Negotiations normally follow a procedure of positional bargaining ( Cutts, 2012 ) . Oxford Online Dictionary give two reading of bargaining, the first is an understanding between two or more people or groups as to what each will make for the other. The 2nd is a thing bought or offered for sale much more stingily than usual or expected. There are two types of dialogue which are distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining ( Robbins A ; Judge, 2003 ) . Distributive bargaining besides called claiming value, zero-sum or win-lose bargaining is a competitory scheme that is used to make up ones mind how to administer a fixed resource such as money ( Spangler, 2003 ) . Honeyman ( 2012 ) , interpret intergrative bargaining as one of platform which party attempt to understand involvements of another party, on the outlook that it will assisting the opposition to make solution as antiphonal its ain concerns. Harmoniz ing to Tewart ( 2012 ) , many times people say they do nt wish to negociate ( dickering ) yet, they still shop about and neer pay full monetary value. The word bargaining here does non merely average monetary value dialogue, it is a much differentiated and broader term ( Management Study Guide, 2012 ) . Customer besides can dicker to construct his or her ain trip with or without aid from a client attention executive ( Agarwal, 2012 ) , inquiring whether travel bureau offer travel insurance ( trip Travel Responsibility Informed A ; Protected, 2012 ) and a client can seek damages under certain fortunes normally referred as the right to mend, replacing or refund ( Government of South Australia, 2011 ) . These are things that client can dicker with travel bureaus. The freedom of client is restricted when they make booking through online. Customer can non corroborate their specific demand when make the online engagement through the hotel reserve system ( Vyas, 2010 ) . For illustration, when they make booking through hotel reserve system, if they have something that they do nt understand, no topographic point for them to raise the inquiries. Harmonizing to Lloyd, booking online does nt hold single to cover with booking procedure, it leaf to client to read and understand the complicated footings and conditions. One of the advantages of booking direct with the hotel, by phone or electronic mail, is that client can bespeak a specific room of the hotel and they can non usually do that online or with an agent ( Trend, 2010 ) Harmonizing to Tewart ( 2012 ) , most people act in their best involvement and most people who say they do nt wish negociating, really still desire to. This statement show that clients still love to negociate and online engagement system prevent them from making it. Negotiation is needed in order to procure the resources required for successful undertaking completion ( Evans A ; Lindsay, 2008 ) . Through negociating win-win solutions with clients it will non merely give your company the best opportunity to win but will besides make relation between client and your company for future gross revenues chances ( Douglas, 2003 ) . Negotiation besides can increase lucidity about the job, can take to advanced discoveries and new attacks, engagement in struggle can sharpen attacks to bargaining, act uponing, viing and besides can concentrate more attending on basic issues and lead to solution ( Wertheim,1996 ) Vyas, J. ( 2010, August 10 ) .A Disadvantages of booking online on travel portals. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles.com/ ? Disadvantages-of-Booking-Online-on-Travel-Portals A ; id=4832401 [ Web log message ] . ( 2012 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wageproject.org/files/neg.php Queensland Government, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation. ( 2011 ) .Negotiation accomplishments. Retrieved from web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.skills.business.qld.gov.au/running/1172.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessdictionary.com/definition/negotiation.html Oakley, R. ( n.d. ) .A The advantages of on-line reserves. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //traveltips.usatoday.com/advantages-online-reservations-63078.html Lucas, R. W. ( n.d. ) .A Reacting to conflict with clients. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Responding_to_Conflict_with_Customers.html Lloyd, M. G. ( n.d. ) .A Advantages and disadvantages of an online engagement system read more: Advantages and disadvantages of an online engagement system | ehow.com hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/info_8780323_advantages-disadvantages-online-booking-system.html Johanson, M. ( 2012, August 21 ) .A Travel web sites, hotels accused of price-fixing. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ibtimes.com/travel-websites-hotels-accused-price-fixing-751937 Brock, C. ( 2009, July 13 ) .A Negociating rates and menus with travel agents. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles.com/ ? Negotiating-Rates-and-Fares-With-Travel-Agents A ; id=2603163 Tewart, M. ( n.d. ) .A Peoples still love to negociate. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.expressyourselftosuccess.com/people-still-love-to-negotiate/ Trend, N. ( 2010, February 11 ) .http: //www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/columnists/nicktrend/7213438/hotel-booking-should-you-use-an-online-agent-or-go- Dickering power of clients. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.managementstudyguide.com/bargaining-power-of-customers.htm Top inquiries to inquire your travel agent. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //trip.ustia.org/safety/articles/1233/top-questions-to-ask-your-travel-agent/ Government of South Australia, Business, Industry and Trade Department. ( 2011 ) .A Refunds to clients. Retrieved from web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sa.gov.au/subject/Business, industry and trade/Starting and pull offing a business/Running a business/Selling to customers/Sales patterns in your business/Refunds to clients Cutts, R. N. ( n.d. ) . Using principled dialogue to decide workplace issues.A Conflict Management, 3. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //nl.walterkaitz.org/RNicoleCutts_PrincipledNegotiation.pdf Spangler, B. ( 2003, June ) .A Distributive bargaining. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.beyondintractability.org/bi-essay/distributive-bargaining Spangler, B. ( 2003, June ) .A Integrative or interest-based bargaining. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.beyondintractability.org/bi-essay/interest-based-bargaining AGARWAL, S. ( 2012, October 08 ) . Want to do your ain travel path? here are few portals that will assist you.A The Economic Times. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-08/news/34322860_1_travel-agents-travel-itinerary-travel-hotspot Francois, C. ( 2012 ) .A What is monetary value dialogue? . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-price-negotiation.htm A Nahavandi, A. A ; Malekzadeh, A.R. ( 1999 ) .A Organizational Behavior: The Person-Organization Fit ( ch. 13 ) .A Upper Sandle Ridge, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Politics of the Contemporary Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Politics of the Contemporary Middle East - Essay Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that amongst the most important elements relative to international relations in the Middle East region following the Gulf War of 1991 was the peace process between the Arabs and Israel that was sponsored by America. The two main parties in the Arab Israeli conflict were Israel and Palestine. The main developments of the peace process were the Oslo Peace Accord, its implementation, the summit at Camp David and the re-escalation of violence. It is evident that the Oslo Peace Process was slated to fail from the beginning because under Likud’s leadership, Israel went back on its words relative to implementing its own obligations emanating from the deal. Upon reading the details of the accord it becomes clear that the Oslo Declarations of Principles never represented a strong foundation for peace between Israel and the PLO. It is widely believed that this happened because preferential treatment was given to Israel in the t reaty. The US is said to have avoided playing an effective and impartial role in brokering the peace agreements. The Soviet Union was an ally of the Palestinians but it was a declining power during the period. The enormous support provided to Israel by the US makes it clearly evident that there was an imbalance of power that served as an obstacle in making the treaty and agreements successful. The paper also presents the main theoretical assumptions of neorealism.... optimize security by maximizing their own military, diplomatic and economic capabilities Peace and order is achieved after states are able to achieve balance of power by effecting deterrence and stable alliances The presence of a dominating state can lead to stability if that state is hegemonic in terms of identifying its self interests with the interests of the larger region or global system The modernization theory originated through the concept of functionalist sociology. It holds that all societies developed from traditional to modern conditions, in terms of transforming from simplistic, narrow and theocratic circumstances to complicated, public and secular forms of organization. It is known that societies undergo different stages of socio economic transformation whereby some manage to modernize faster in view of their interactions and association with modern societies of the west. The theory is applicable to the Middle East region in the context of some states being in a transit ional stage towards modernism. The Postcolonial criticism approach is recent in having its origin in cultural studies. In fact it grew from analysis of the Middle East region as carried out by Edward Said (1978) through his influential work Orientalism, which related to the ways in which a distorted image was created about the Arabs by Europeans in justifying their colonial occupation in the region. This theory holds that politics in the Middle East Region was first characterized by struggle for power control by colonists, then by the super powers during the Cold War and subsequent to 1989, by the US alone. The arguments are based on the belief that nations in the Middle East are dependent or client states that act as agents of Western hegemony or national liberation groups striving to

Structure of the Hospitality Industry Assignment

Structure of the Hospitality Industry - Assignment Example Therefore, the responsibilities relating to the functional areas such as marketing, customer relationship management, HRD and finance in an undertaking need to be reoriented in tune with the global changes in the industry. The organizational structure of different organizations in the hospitality industry is based on the facilities available. However, the structure also varies with the star categorization of the luxury hotels, type of ownership like a partnership or limited company, the number of hotels in the group and affiliation with the international hotel chains. World Hotel Rating (WHR) project labels hotels by features such as family or child-friendly. Some hotels are operated on franchisee basis. The internal control systems in the case of firms with one or two hotels under the same management will be very simple. However, in the case of hotel chains or hotel groups with international operations, the systems would be very elaborate with risk management controls in place. Many small-sized organizations prefer Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT) status with a view to avail tax benefits. As against flat structure noticed in small organizations, the chain of command, the delegation of responsibilities and authorities, hierarchical levels and managerial decision-making process in the case of hotel chains or groups consisting of several business activities considerably vary depending upon the size and diversity. The management structure is also influenced by the environmental factors relating to the businesses, categories of services offered and technology used. The industry covers a wide range of services such as tourism, theme parks, event management and tourism related services apart from lodging and catering. The organizational structure of a  company which provides various services has several divisions such as Hotel, Tourism, Theme Parks and Travel.   There are various departments within each division, for example, in the case of Hotel Division the departments include Housekeeping, Health &Sports, Restaurant, Room Service, Event Management and Front Office.   The departments such as Accounting, Advertisement & Media, Marketing, and HRD are common to all the divisions.  Ã‚  

Plato, Greek Art and Censorship Essay Example for Free

Plato, Greek Art and Censorship Essay It is imperative that we begin the illustration of Plato’s pursuit for censorship with the definition of his times, the context by which his beliefs on music and poetry were formulated.   Greece during Hellenic times was distinctively marked by a superior regard to the polis or the city-state. With what the civil wars wrought to its citizens, the Greeks developed a strong inclination towards the attainment of what they believed to be the kallipolis or the ideal state, one that is marked by justice, order and harmony, and will do everything in its power to preserve it. The general concession of its superiority justified acts which would have been highly condemnable in the present times. Acts like infanticide and common life are surely not to arouse the approval of the many. One of the necessary steps that Plato strongly advocated for the attainment of the idea state, was the censorship of the arts, music and poetry alike. In summary he claims that the polis needed to constrain its arts, to mitigate its negative influences and curb the dangerous effect of its mimeric nature if they were to avoid the disruption of the state, more like its demise considering how pervasive arts was during the Hellenic period. Plato’s definition of censorship came in the form of 1) the prohibition of music that was intrinsically bad, and 2) the sanctioning of tales that were weaved from a state of madness, thereby promoting false virtues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On Music – It was a general belief during those times that there existed some form of music that was intrinsically bad or an aberration to the natural harmony of the universe. These were the songs whose words upheld false virtues and songs whose musical tones were derived from the improper order of interval. There in the sequencing of its notes lay a palpable sense of disharmony and discordance which mathematicians and philosophers went to great lengths to prove.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is to be said too that the soul is part of a force called Harmonia – a force that brings to union all elements of the universe, good and bad. The soul acts like a sponge, is its modern rhetoric equivalent, absorbing the discordance of the notes and sending the soul to a confused state as it cannot adequately grasps the things it acquires (Republic 78). The faculties of the physical body become misguided and the resulting man is one who is corrupt and unable to discern what is just from not. Hence, guardians, producers and rulers were considered susceptible to music’s negative influences and must be then censored by the polis if it were to protect man’s virtues. Rhythm and harmony penetrate the inner part of the soul and that gracelessness, bad rhythm and disharmony are akin to bad words and character (Republic III)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This was perhaps the first attempt to advance the concept of the subliminal meaning. The Doctrine of Ethos – music’s ability to form one’s character – still remains on solid ground after centuries. I find sense in what these early philosophers claim. How else do we explain the anarchic proclivities of Rock Music and Rap’s inclination towards street violence despite shifts in paradigm of the many generations that have passed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On Poetry – Here Plato refers to drama, tragedies and words of a song without the musical notes.   Unlike the subliminal effect of some music, poetry has a more direct and invasive effect to one’s character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Plato’s Theory of Forms states that Nature is an imperfect representation of the ideal and perfect reality of Forms; that man ought to take actions that will bring him closer to the reality of Forms. If poetry represents that which is already imperfect, the resulting work ushers man away from the light and further into the shadows. Without the light, man now becomes a slave to the shadows he continuously imitates.   Moreover, when exposed to poetic illusions man naturally takes on what he sees and starts to assume the character of the poetic subject, in whole or in parts. This mimeric nature, Plato says, is dangerous as this will distract man from achieving his highest state of being.   It is better to stick to one craft and be good at it than to acquire all trades but be good at none. Guardians must be prohibited to learn the trade of the poets. This is   to ensure that his optimum self is achieved.   Otherwise he starts to neglect his duties to the state.   Also, the process of producing poetry sends the artist in a temporal state of divine inspiration or madness, simply that he loses all sense of rationality, he weaves one that is not according to Reason’s dictates but that of his many passions, ignorance and possibly appetites albeit the poetic charm. Anything that is far from Reason is necessarily deemed unhealthy for the kallipolis. Clearly the Hellenic times were defined by their end goals. Plato and others saw censorship, along with many state policies, as a justified means to their end. The present times, however, see a completely different paradigm. People have long shown the world that the morality of the means is just as considerable as the end itself. Censorship to a substantial part of the world is unacceptable. Now, it’s all about rights to freedom of speech and expression. When New Zealand Broadcasting Standards Authority decides to cut off offensive language from the radio, immediately journalists are tagging it as discrimination. In US alone how many controversial lawsuits, to include a high school valedictorian as complainant, have been filed because people have been forbidden to make religious references. Plato would have been shocked, even enraged at this underlying idea of the Individual catching up with the State; or the state policies being subservient to Individual Rights. He would have thought it a narrow insight and I completely agree.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All this talk on Rights and Freedom of Expression is based on the faulty assumption that 1) everyone is capable of responsible and sensible expressions, and 2) everyone is capable of judicious interpretations of these expressions. When truth of the matter is that when people make tirade speeches against a group , they almost always fail to consider the sensibilities of whose who are being attacked. One’s unguarded   expression becomes another one’s discrimination. To compound things, people are impressionable. Plato was correct when he said that man naturally adopts the things he sees and hears no matter how unjust and far from virtues. Man doesn’t generally step back and take a moment to carefully weigh what he perceives. To those who can, notice that they don’t go out of their way to educate the public. These educated minds have become an elite preferring apathy. This is what turns expressions into social disturbances. Sooner or later when more people start to believe, these expressions become acceptable truths. Eventually they become imbibed as values. With the advent of the digital age, things are even escalated. The cyberspace contains practically all sorts of information, educated, trash, pornographic and otherwise, which can be accessed by anyone even those who are not in the right minds to discern right from wrong. Censorship, contrary to what people believe as a tyrannical act against freedom, is simply responsible regulation. It is to ensure that information is accessed   by the right audience and that the propensity of these expressions to stir and rouse disturbances is curbed. This time it is to preserve not the State but the Society with the Individual at its core and Values at stake. Each processes information or whatever elements one picks up from the cosmos in various ways and degrees. What misguided minds process as motivation for unjust ways may be an educated mind’s trigger for higher knowledge. But if takes only one out of a thousand and perhaps millions of minds to have his virtues corrupted because of unregulated information, that for me, and should so for the progressively liberal states, provide more than enough justification for censorship.   It is a rational step to reduce freedom’s excesses especially in a time where the universe presents wider, freer and borderless ways by which man can inflict harm to another, even to himself. Works Cited Plato. â€Å"The Republic†, translated by Benjamin Jowett, http://classics.mit.edu

san antonio miss :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tour of San Antonio The Missions of Texas   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While in San Antonio there are five missions you, as a tourist, need to see. These missions are the mission of Nuestra Senora de la Purissima Concepcion, the San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo, the Mission San Juan Capistrano, San Franciscode la Espada, and Mission San Antonio de Valero, The Alamo. They are all a great part of the state of Texas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Mission Concepcion was first built in East Texas in 1716, but they only stayed there for fifteen years do to hardships. After this it and two other missions moved to San Antonio. The missions were rebuilt on the San Antonio river on March 5, 1731. While Concepcion was built in east Texas just out of logs and thatch the new Conception was built to last it is still standing today. It was built so well it is the only mission in San Antonio that the walls, roofs, and other major structures have never collapsed. The Concepcion is not only the oldest standing stone church in Texas but in the nation. â€Å"Father Habig, historian for the Franciscan Order, states un-equivocally that ‘it is the oldest church of the Immaculate Concepcion of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the United States† (saconservation 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many Indians came with Concepcion mission to San Antonio to start a new life. The Padres and the Indians built rough temporary structures made of thatched roofs to accommodate their living and worship needs. They planted crops and dug irrigation ditches for their food to eat. As they built permanent mission. They built the Concepcion mission in the design of the general mission plan of the time period. In time the Mission became a community. The Indians and the Padres built a stone wall around the mission compound. (saconservation 1) â€Å"Inside the enclosure were the usual buildings of the missions: a stone granary, a friary or convento for the priests apartments along the outer walls for the Indian families, various workshops and, of course, the church itself † (saconservation 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While the permanent church was being built the people of the Concepcion Mission were having worship in temporary structures. The church was started in 1740, and completed and dedicated on December 8, 1755. Early church record describe the church in detail. (saconservation 1) â€Å"It was cruciform building of stone and mortar, having a vaulted roof with cupola, or dome, and two similar towers topped by crosses of Iron.

Brick-clad buildings

The dissertation will comprehensively discuss the effectivity of insulators in stabilizing indoor-temperature as an outcome of controlling heat gain and heat loss particularly with brick-clad structures that are constructed either with concrete form or timber frame materials for its walls. The objectives of the dissertation are as follows: a. To determine the insulation properties of bricks; b. To compare and contrast ICF wall construction over timber-framed construction; c. To measure the effectivity of insulators to control heat-gain or heat-loss.The dissertation will delve into the qualities of brick as a building material and at the same time discuss the manner by which cladding is installed. Why is the conventional method of brick laying more appreciated over the faster new system of installation? Through literature readings, we shall decipher why bricks continue to be the material of choice for many residences. Included in the literature review is the relevance of brick as a bu ilding material to the present trend in design and construction.The structural capacity of bricks will be analyzed and the proponent will discuss the reason behind its shelving in favor of the more robust reinforced concrete (pre-stressed and post-tensioning system) and structural steel. The dissertation will also discuss the concept of brick-cladding and rate its relevance to the construction of buildings. Moreover, we shall be determine whether application is better for ICF wall construction or best for timber-framed buildings. Also, we shall try to explore the different insulation presently used and the degree by which it affects the total thermal environment.Because of weather extremes, temperature plays a very important part in the development of materials that seek to solve the perennial problems of heat-gain in summer and heat-loss coefficients in winter. Vital segments of this dissertation include experiments conducted that would clarify the data presented in various handboo k and manuals. A statistical test method was adapted to quantify known data while results were interpreted based on scientific information. The first two objectives shall be resolved through the use of qualitative data only, which was obtained from available literature.The last objective of this dissertation will be resolved through an improvised scientific experiment with the data interpreted through statistical testing. Finally, recommendations were discussed on the resolve of nagging issues of energy conservation and the effects of the manufacture of construction materials to ecological balance and the global warming phenomenon. II. Review of Related Literature The Development of bricks In prehistoric times, man’s quest for durable shelter from weather elements leads them to find comfort inside caves.Once domesticated and agriculture-dependent for food, man built structures made from materials found within his turf. In areas where timber was plenty, wooden dwellings develo ped, mud bricks were likewise used where materials was rare. The Mesopotamians (c. 2000-700 B. C. ) were the first known civilization to use bricks in their dwellings. Brick made during this period was a mixture of clay or mud and straws (added for strength) and then sun-dried or kiln dried; a product that is purely endemic to the region, owing to the scarcity of stones, timber and other building materials (Fletcher, B.1961, p. 50). The Egyptians likewise had their share in the use of bricks as a suitable building material; as new advances were made in curing, texture, color and drying techniques. Different types of bricks were used to adorn structures, from Temples to Mastabas or even simple abodes (Fletcher, B. 1961, p. 13). Hebrew slaves were hired, cruelly dealt and oppressed so production of bricks and construction of monumental buildings could be achieved. In the end, the domination of the Egyptians culminated with the Hebrews departure to the Promised Land (Christian Communit y Bible, 1997, p.85). The later part of the 17th and the entire 18th century bricks were utilized as lining for timber framed residences, to serve as insulation against the cold weather, which was later called brick nogging (Friedman, D. 2006). Bricks were fitted in the cavities between the vertical and horizontal studs; mortar was applied as adhesive and finished off with plaster. Thus today, old buildings can be easily identified through its brick nogging on the wall and the year it was constructed could probably be determined (Friedman, D. 2006).Brick as a building material played a key-role in the development of Architecture and the building industry for a span of over 2,000 years. Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), the famous American Architect, found full artistic expression in natural materials—bricks included and exploited its potential by using it not only on residences but also on high-rise buildings. He is credited for the saying â€Å"in their hands the ordinary bri ck became worth its weight in gold†. Important landmarks in cities and urban centers are clad with bricks; some were imported if not available locally (Larkin Building, n.d. ). At the start of the 20th century modern architecture, the popularity of bricks waned. In its place, concrete and steel became the material of choice because of the demand for bigger and taller structures. Brick does not have the structural capabilities for these structures; besides, modernist’s (Architects) opted for simpler designs and faster construction application. So, buildings of concrete, steel and glass replaced brick structures (Beardmore, R. 2006). Overview on Brick Wall Cladding SystemsBrick or hardened clay is literally dull, uninteresting and devoid of radiant color, yet when placed to adorn buildings, residences or even lobby’s, it exudes an aura of sophistication, strength, stability and grandeur not evident in any other building material. Apart from stone, brick is probably the oldest and its resurgence as a choice material has baffled Architects since no comparable material comes close to its character, apart from being cost effective, durable and eco friendly (Wikipedia contributors, 2007a). On timber framesBrick-cladding on timber frames has been with us since the start of the 20th century and continues to be popular in the construction industry. That is why series of innovations have proliferated particularly in the installation process. Normally bricks are laid out on a stable masonry foundation and piled one over the other with mortar and joint pointing is done using the proprietary pumped system (Self Build Houses, n. d. ). At every strategic horizontal layer of brick, metal ties are integrated to keep the piles in place and normally these are anchored to timber studs.The metal ties hold the brick walls from collapsing over, especially during extreme thermal changes, extreme wind pressure or during earthquakes (Parker, H. 1968b, p. 28). On conc rete walls Brick-cladding on concrete or masonry walls is performed simultaneously with the block piling, or can be installed separately on existing walls. Bricks are piled together hand in hand with the concrete blocks and share the same foundation bed but is separated by an air gap that is totally independent of each other. It is like building two walls at the same time, one of concrete blocks the other made of bricks.At every 3rd layer of concrete block, steel ties are laid out connecting both the vertical reinforcement (concrete and brick) at widths not exceeding 600 mm, this should give structural stability to the installation (Baggeridge Brick Plc, 2003). In cases where walls are constructed prior to the installation of bricks, dowel provisions are made at wall points not exceeding 600 mm on center, both vertically and horizontally. Metal ties connected to the bricks vertical reinforcement are then welded to the wall dowels (Parker, H. 1968a, p. 91).If dowels are not provided, workers will drill-in anchor bolt to strengthen the installation. All metal ties are provided with slot for thermal movement because bricks expand over time while concrete does the contrary, shrinks (Parker, H 1968a, p. 256). New brick installation system In terms of brick installation, some methods have been developed to reduce construction cost and speed-up completion time. One system uses a galvanized steel backing plate that holds a specially designed brick (Baggeridge Brick Plc, 2003); another type employs inter-locking brick panels and eliminates the use of mortars (Self Build Houses, n. d.); there are still others who have designed options to promote ease in the installation system. This new trends in brick application, though practical and cheaper, have been used only in the mass housing business, because these types are not designed to endure strong quakes and will most likely collapse (Dunn, V. 2001). For most residents, if they can spare the cost, would still prefer the real thing—that is to install bricks the conventional way. This sentiment, as shared by many, drives up the resale values of real estate because buildings made the conventional way project an image of durability and a lasting antique appeal.New building technology The use of SIP’s, or the Structural Insulation Panel was developed as outer wall envelopes on timber-framed structures. It is actually a wall system combining an Oriented Strand Board (OSB) with an insulation panel. It speeds-up construction time, reduces timber framings and improves the energy performance of buildings (Wikipedia Contributors, 2007c). The ICF System or the Insulated Concrete Form Wall Construction is the counterpart of the SIP, but solely developed for concrete buildings.It utilizes lightweight blocks made from either Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) or Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) with a core 4, 6, 8 or 12 inches depending on the structural requirement. The blocks are arranged around the perimeter o f the building, structural bars are installed and concrete is pumped into the core, giving a continuous wall of concrete and insulation. Much like the SIP panels, ICF improves the insulation coefficient of buildings (Toolbase Services, 2006). Energy performance Bricks when subjected to direct sunlight absorb a lot of heat which normally takes 3 to 5 hours to dissipate.Thus, when not properly insulated, it affects the inside temperature of buildings or residences, thereby putting a lot of strain on the air-conditioning system to raise energy cost. This condition is most likely during the summer months but is preferred during the winter season because it helps stabilize room temperature up to about 8 or 9 in the evening (Claybricks & Tiles Sdn. Bhd. 2006). Bricks, the symbol of traditional culture, serve its purpose only as a decorative material. SIP panels on timber-framed structures reduce heat transfer coefficients both during winter and summer time.SIP panels stabilize humidity an d room temperatures. It is likewise the most energy efficient wall cladding devised for timber structures. This system of construction reduces timber dependence and helps our ecosystem (Wikipedia Contributors, 2007c). For the insulated concrete form (ICF) wall construction, conduction of heat between the brick and concrete panel is reduced since EPS or XPS insulating material envelopes the wall, both inside and outside, freeing buildings from the usual problems of energy efficiency.The thickness of the EPS or XPS barrier is usually 2 inches, while that of concrete varies from 4 inches to as much as much as 12 inches. If structural considerations suggest that thickness be over standard sizes, then special panels are manufactured (Amvic Inc, 2003). Normal brick cladding systems can be applied over the panels or for added protection, moisture barriers are installed before bricks are laid directly on the EPS and XPS panels (McMichael, C. 2006). Construction EfficiencyConstruction speed and efficiency in brick cladding is best observed in timber-framed buildings because the system of attachment is easier, thereby work schedule is accurately met (Self Build Houses, n. d. ). Before bricks are laid, an asphalt based felt-paper or vinyl-based building wrap is stapled to the wood studs on the perimeter of the building as moisture insulation and metal ties are simply anchored to hold the structure (brick wall). The same method is used for plastic shielded galvanized steel backing because it can be screwed on timber studs, so construction time is swifter (WIE, 2004).The contrary is observed in concrete construction. The system proves to be more complex and time consuming. Construction of concrete wall and brick cladding is started simultaneously with an air space between the panels; besides metal ties are harder to install to further delay construction time. On previously finished concrete walls, the installation is quite similar but metal ties are either welded or provid ed with anchor bolts. It is observed that construction costs are much higher in concrete structures compared to either timber or steel (REU, n. d. ).Brick cladding in concrete walls should be confined to manageable areas since both materials behave in opposite ways. As wall installation ages, brick walls tend to expand while concrete walls contract. For a thirty meters brick wall, total expansion is found to be at the rate of 11. 4 millimeters. Thus, when walls are not provided with expansion joints it buckles and no amount of metal fastener can hold it in place (REU, n. d. ). The brick wall will most likely crack or collapse if the moorings are abruptly released or the concrete wall where it is attached may suffer considerable damage (Dunn, V.2001). Every installation should be carefully studied and expansion and contraction joints thoroughly spaced so untoward damage can be prevented. Brick installations over two floors in height are now provided with slip joints to give them (bri ck clad walls) freedom of horizontal movement during earthquakes. Acoustic Absorption Brick as a material is porous so expect sound to pass through, it cannot be used to shield confined spaces from outside sounds, nor is it effective in containing inside sounds so that it becomes inaudible from the outside.But when bricks are used in the interiors, it helps control echo, reverberation and standing sound. In short, bricks improve the acoustic rating of a particular room (Acoustics, n. d. ). Brick clad timber framed structures have very poor sound containment coefficients, particularly in containing sounds coming from the outside. While concrete structures with brick cladding somehow fare well since sound transmission is muffled as it crosses through the panels (concrete), it remains a poor sound absorbing material so walls have to be treated with acoustic materials (Acoustics, n.d. ). Bricks are classified according to its degree of porosity, it could be a common brick, a compressed brick or perhaps a firebrick. Each type is designed to serve different requirements. Brick panels installed inside living areas or conference rooms not only enhance aesthetic appeal but also improve acoustic resonance. Brick walls absorb sound—whether standing sounds and reverberating sounds and to a degree correct echo and flutter echoes (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007). Since bricks transmit sound readily, additional barriers should be introduced to contain sound.If a brick wall is made as partition between rooms, privacy will be totally lost, since others would be privy to conversation made on the other side of the room. Not so much with concrete walls, since concrete walls are naturally dense and when properly plastered is massive enough to mute sound transmission. However, it does not have the absorption quality of bricks, so its acoustic resonance is practically nil (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007). The introduction of heavy drapes, carpeting and cushions could easily be a good remedy. Durability Without a doubt, brick is the most enduring of all man-made building materials.The specific proof of this are the Mastaba (burial mound) of the Egyptian’s that was built over two thousand years ago, recently unearthed, but the brickwork inside are still in excellent condition (Fletcher, B. 1961, p. 23). In fact brick walls can withstand harsh weather conditions, could be soaked in salt water indefinitely and above all the most potent of man-made chemicals do not seem to have an effect on it. Architecturally, the aesthetic appeal of bricks is enhanced over time as it ages, probably the same as wine since its taste also improves as it matures (WIE, 2004).The abject durability of a monolithic poured reinforced concrete could not be discounted. Proofs to these are the embankments made during the 2nd World War that continue to exist even without maintenance. In fact plain concrete is a product of the 20th century, although the main material cement was act ually invented by the ancient Roman Civilization. Cement during the Roman period was made out of volcanic ash mixed with lime and other substances and was used extensively for their buildings (forums, thermae, collosseums, circus, aqueducts and temples) that house different activities (Fletcher, B. 1961, p. 210).

Negative Effects of Social Media Essay

Social media has had made many impacts on society. Any website that allows social interaction is considered a social media site (Schurgin O’Keeffe, Clarke-Pearson). Due to the new technology taking over, social media has been easier than ever to get a hold of by the applications that have been made for portable devices. Through these devices and applications, being socially connected has made it easier to communicate with each other. Unfortunately, it all hasn’t been positive communications. There are many negative effects of social media, the biggest being addiction and self esteem. The definition of an addiction according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary is: an unusually great interest in something or a need to do or have something (addiction). While social media addiction is not clinically diagnosed at this point, the behavior displayed and language of the students use suggests that society is not that far from becoming physically dependant on mobile devices (Westfa ll). With the new technologies right at the fingertips of society and easy access to check the newsfeed of the word, addiction to social media is on the rise. There are many factors that classify someone as an addict in different parts of the world. According to psychology professor and author Larry Rosen, â€Å"Social media addicts spend most of their waking moments checking for updates, chatting in instant messaging rooms, posting updates and checking their friend’s latest postings. Even when they delete their accounts, they usually are driven to make new accounts within twenty-four hours† (Gabriel). Some cases of addiction to social media are not as severe as others. In some extreme cases there are symptoms that can be observed. These symptoms include: spending at least four hours per day using social media, canceling more and more activities with family, friends or coworkers, bringing cell phones or other internet capable devices into the bathroom, and feeling anxi ous when you cannot get onto the internet. Once the individual has gotten involved in networking sites, things can escalate quickly. One reason these sites are so addictive is that there is a nonstop stream of messages, photos, updates and information coming from those in the network. If you have ten friends, it should not be a problem keeping up with them. If an individual’s network is one hundred friends or more, the individual might end up online for hours  every day, trying to check all of the updates. Trading messages back and forth with other members, the individual might find himself or herself even more caught up in the exchange, just as it would be in a normal conversation. see more:speech on social networking Social networking sites are meant to be casual, relaxed ways to connect with others. If you start losing sleep or are unable to concentrate because you’re always thinking about going online to check your friends’ statuses, then that is a sign of trouble. Social media has become an addiction to people because it is a form, or a way, to escape reality. It is also a way that someone can create their own cyber reality (Cosper). According to an associate professor in a program of science, technology, and society, Natasha Schull states, â€Å"Online games and social networking sites use psychological principles to keep you hooked† . Recent study shows that online dependency is not so different from a physical addiction. â€Å"MRI scans of patients checking their social media feed and those using cocaine look exactly the same,† says Schull. Most addictions begin as a harmless satisfaction of needs and desires; checking a few media sites stimulates those pleasure centers in the brain (Jensen). Another reason these sites are so addictive is that they provide outlets for when you are feeling down. People post fewer negative than positive updates on networking sites. They might mention trips they have taken or new cars, but they will rarely mention when they get poor grades or if they gained twenty pounds. If the individual’s own â€Å"real† life is not going so great, they can always go online and pretend it to be better. This in most cases, is how depression from social media usage is started. It is easy for someone to lose himself or herself in what experts say, â€Å"happyland† and forget about the hurdles in everyday life (Bocco). With new studies there has been known to be at least ten different types of social media addiction. A few of these types of addiction are: â€Å"The Alert-Lover†, â€Å"The Social Guru†, â€Å" The Verb Creator†, â€Å"The Blog Referencer†, â€Å"The Multi-Mayorâ € , and â€Å"The Freak Out-er† (Laird). Just like any other addiction, social media addiction is a disease. Social media addiction can become a destructive compulsive habit which as with any addiction can lead to broken relationships, job loss, and even financial issues. Individuals addicted to social media often feel anxiety or even may feel physically ill if not able to connect to the internet or their favorite social media sites. Evidence suggests that that the typical addict is  usually a teenager, usually male, and has no social life outside of their computer and or mobile devices. Though this is not truefor all. This disease has been known to affect millions of people all over the world. The most important being the â€Å"constant checker† and the â€Å"vowel hater† (Laird). In today’s world, checking social media on a regular basis can be easier than ever before. For some, this great access is not all that great. Those people are known as the â€Å" constant checkers†. They feel the need to check their handheld devices on a regular basis to feel up-to-date on the newest news that they may have missed, in what they may feel, has been a very long time. A study done by the University of California suggests that on average, study subjects check their mobile devices thirty-five times out of habit. It was also shown that nearly eighty- eight percent of teenagers and young adults check their news feed before even getting out of their bed in the morning. Through this study those subjects then realized that they were losing the relationship s that they have had with the people closest to them because they were being annoying. Some, but not all, of those studied admitted to having a physical attachment to their mobile devices and having withdrawls when taken away. Lisa Merlo, a psychologist at the University of Florida, says, â€Å"If you hear ‘put the phone away’ more than once a day, you probably have a problem† (Cohen). Another type of social media addiction is being a â€Å"vowel hater†. These people are known to take out every vowel possible in order to save time and space in either a text message or posting onto any form of social media site. This addiction has been known to alter all parts of the individual’s specific speech. It alters their speech in regular conversation and those electronically. From it leaking into the regular everyday conversation it can cause confusion to those around. Some may not know all the up to date slang terms that are used in instant messaging and so cial media. The same is for electronic messaging. This could be email or instant messaging on a media site. The most common type of people that this kind of addiction has been found is the younger generation. This is the age group of those from the age thirty to seventeen. It has been found that the younger the individual the more vowels are taken out of each word in each sentence. Some of the most noticeable symptoms of being a †vowel hater† is when posting on a social media site, such as Twitter, they are known for dropping vowels just to reach the one hundred forty character  limit (Hivesocial). Like any other disease there are a variety of treatment options. These treatment option vary from AA type meetings to meetings that can be held via webcam, other instant messaging alternatives or sometimes even a therapist. Unlike drug or alcohol addiction there will be no physical side effects from lowering your usage and stopping completely. The individual will be battling behaviors that have built up over time so it will be difficult to cut back on social media time. However, it is extremely doable. One of the first steps in addiction treatment is the individual must admit to himself or herself that there is a problem. Once the problem is recognized it is best that the subject take note on which kind of social media or technology that are addicted to. This may be hard for the individual for they in most cases, do not realize that they are checking their mobile devices and social media sites. Therapy can give the individual a tremendous boost in controlling internet use. Cognitive-behavioral therapy provides step-by-step ways to stop compulsive internet behaviors and change the individual’s perceptions regarding internet, mobile phone, and computer use. Therapy can also help you learn healthier ways of coping with uncomfortable emotions, such as stress, anxiety, or depression. Joining a support group is also another great way to help the addict make them feel like they are not alone. Ironically, some of these support groups are online which may not be too supportive to those who have a heavy addiction. Which in some cases should be monitored carefully (Sherwood). Research from the University of Buffalo indicates that women who base their self worth on their appearance are likely to post more pictures of themselves online for validation and to have larger social media networks (Henderson). Positive comments on social media can and do boost self esteem. Some people get a boost of healthy self esteem and get ego driven self love based on how many â€Å"Likes† they get on a social media site. Everyone wants to feel worthy of love and belonging. In some ways, the â€Å"Likes† we get on social media sites satisfies this need in almost a distorted way. Perhaps we are looking for love, or †Likes† in all the wrong places. According to lead author Elliot Panek, â€Å"Among young college students, we found that those who scored higher in certain types of self worth posted more often on Twitter. But among middle- aged adults from the general population, those that had more self love posted more frequent status updates on Facebook† (Bergland).  Fac ebook serves self loved adults as a mirror. As for a middle- aged adult, these findings of the difference between Facebook and Twitter may be influenced by a generation technology gap. Panek says of Facebook, â€Å"It is about creating your own image, how you are seen, and also checking on how others respond to this image.† Many middle-aged adults have already formed their social selves. They use social media to gain approval from those who are already in their social circle. For some self loved college students, the social media is a tool for them in helping them reach there wanted social standings (Bergland). Along with being addicted and having a low self esteem there is yet another negative effect of social media, cyberbullying. Access to electronic devices like smartphones that capture photos, videos and have the ability to upload to video sites or be sent through a mass messages within seconds mean the bullying never ends. Reports of teens recording fights, sexual assaults and more have been in the news with several being caught after sharing it on their Facebook pages. There are even sites dedicated to publishing and promoting teen fight videos which does not warrant a link. Teens already dealing with the pressures of fitting in now have to fear being targeted by bullies, who can easily smear their reputation with a few clicks of the mouse. The most dangerous part is this content lives on well after the damage is done, a daily reminder to the victim. Most commonly cyberbullying is found on chat sites and social media that has had a huge boom within ten years or less such as Facebook. MySpace, LinkedIn and Twitter. It is easier for the bullier to pick on their victim because they are not talking to them di rectly. In fact, in almost all cases it is not face to face but rather, typed, hateful words. Saying hurtful words is not the only form of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying can also be done through impersonation. Impersonation means that the person does not even have to know the individual that is bullying them. These types of online harassments should not be taken lightly. Many teens and even professionals have been known to quit what they love or even in severe cases, have committed suicide. On average, those that are bullied tend to all have the same or nearly the same symptoms. Those symptoms include: skipping school, experience in-person bullying, be unwilling to attend school, receive poor grades, have lower self-esteem, have more health problems, and the used of alcohol and drugs. Cyberbullying is different from any other kind of  bullying because it can reach the individual at any time of the day, any time of the week (Social Media Makes Cyberbullying More Dangerous). Granted, not all cyberbullying is no all done on Facebook, but since the social networking site is so popular among tweens and teenagers everywhere, it is a regular source of problems. Nearly half of all teenagers in the United States have experienced some online bullying, according to statistics from the National Crime Prevention Council. Twenty percent of middle school students said they have seriously thought about suicide due to online bullying, according to a recent survey conducted by the Cyberbullying Research Center (Levine). It doesn’t take a scientist to figure out that victims of cyberbullying have lower self-esteem than those who have not experienced it. On the other hand, research has also surprisingly shown that the actual cyberbullying offenders have lower self-esteem than their peers. It would seem that when it comes to bullying, everyone loses. Since low self-esteem has been linked in many studies to poor grades in school, health issues, excessive absences, and crimin al behavior, it would be in everyone’s best interest to take steps to shut bullying down early on. Addiction and self esteem are some of the many negative effects of social media. In review, addiction not only hurts the individual but also how the individual acts and may participate in events. Not only does it hurt them but it also hurts the relationships that they are in. This includes family, friends and co-workers. Addiction also can play a role in how they treat people on a day to day basis. From being addicted to social media the individual can start to lose their sense of how to communicate with others face to face. Luckily, with this understudied addiction there are treatment options that are beginning to take place for those that would like to take a stand on their addiction. Self esteem is also a negative factor in social media today. Those individuals that have a higher and possibly lower self esteem tend to post more online than those that do not. This is dependant on how much self worth an individual may have for him or her self. Some people keep posting online just he lp themselves boost their self esteem because they may have a hardship outside of the â€Å"cyberworld.† In that case, for some the only way to boost their self esteem is to cyber bully others. Impersonation is one of the more common types of cyberbullying because the individual does not have to know the victim on a personal level or even at all. Addiction and self  esteem are only a few of the numerous negative effects of social media. Works Cited â€Å"addiction†. Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2014. Web. 14 January 2014. Bergland, Christopher. â€Å"Social Media’s Dual-Edged Sword: Narcissism vs. Self-Esteem†. Psychology Today. 12 June 2013. Web. 2 February 2014. Bocco, Diana. â€Å"What makes Social Media Networking Sites So Addictive?†. N.D. 12 February 2014. Cohen, Elizabeth. â€Å"Do You Obsessively Check your Smartphone?†. CNN Health. 28 July 2011. Web. 18 January 2014. Cosper, Alex. â€Å"Why People are Addicted to Facebook & MySpace†. eHow. Web. 12 February 2014. Gabriel, Peter. â€Å"Social Media Addiction: Symptoms and Treatment.† Voices.Yahoo.com. Sherwood, Rena. 6 March 2013. Web. 14 January 2014. Henderson, Maureena. â€Å"Is Social Media Destroying Your Self-Esteem?†. Forbes. 11 July 2012. Web. 4 February 2014. Hivesocial, Tom. â€Å"Disconnect to Reconnect†. Tom Locke. 26 June 2013. Web. 28 January 2013. Jensen, Sarah. â€Å"How Do People Be come Addicted to Online Games and Social Networking Sites?†. 22 October 2013. Web. 12 February 2014. Laird, Sam. â€Å"The 10 Types of Social Media Addicts [INFOGRAPHIC]†. Mashable. 11 October 2012. Web. 14 January 2014. Levine, Beth. â€Å"Facebook’s Effects on Self-Esteem†. 26 March 2013. Web. 12 February 2014. Potarazu, Sreedhar Dr. â€Å"Addicted to Facebook? Studies show users are lonelier†. Fox News. 24 January 2013. Web. 28 January 2014. Schurgin O’Keeffe, Gwen, MD, Clarke-Pearson, Kathleen, MD. The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families. Vol.127 No 4. American Academy of Pediatrics. 23 March 2011. Web. 14 January 2014. â€Å"Social Media Makes Cyberbullying More Dangerous†. Social Media Club. 17 May 2013. Web. 11 February 2014. Westfall, Leah. â€Å"Student’s Becoming Addicted to Social Media†. Fastweb. 13 April 2011. Web. 28 January 2014. â€Å"What is Cyberbullying†. Web. 12 Februar y 2014.

Simile vs Metaphor The 1 Big Difference

Simile vs Metaphor The 1 Big Difference SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Ever wonder what makes creative writing, well, creative? A big part of creative writing is coming up with a compelling way to express something.And similes and metaphors can be especially helpful when trying to do this. But what exactly are similes and metaphors? More importantly, what is the main difference between a simile and metaphor? This comprehensive simile vs metaphor guide answers both these questions and gives you several examples so you can learn how to differentiate between these two key literary devices.This article also includes key tips for using similes and metaphors in your own writing. Simile vs Metaphor:How Do They Differ? Both similes and metaphors are literary devices used by writers to compare two unalike things, ideas, actions, etc. in a non-literal manner. The two things being compared typically have one thing in common but are completely different in all other respects. Peopleuse similes and metaphors to make their writing more descriptive, more persuasive, more poetic, and more emphatic.Similes and metaphors areoften used in fiction/prose, poetry, and song lyrics. So what is the main difference between a simile and metaphor? Although the two devices are very similar- both serve the exact same purpose of comparing two different things in a figurative (non-literal) way- metaphors and similes are not identical. A simile is a type of metaphor that specifically uses the words "as" or "like" to make a comparison between two things. This usually takes the form of "A is like B" or "A is as(insert adjective)as B." By contrast, metaphors do not use the words "as" or "like." For example, you could write, "A is B" to make your comparison, even though A is not literally the same thing as B. The main takeaway here is that all similes are metaphors but not all metaphors are similes. 6 Real Simile and Metaphor Examples To help you understand the difference between a simile and metaphor, we'll look at six examples of the two. Examples of Metaphors Belowarethree examples of famous metaphors. As a reminder, metaphors compare two things without using the words "like" or "as." Metaphor Example 1 Eyes are the windows to the soul. Many famous sayings andidiomatic phrases take the form of metaphors in which the meaning is not literal but implied through a comparison. You clearly cannot literally see a person’s soul through his or her eyes; the implication here, then, is that one’s eyes and expression can reveal that person’s true feelings or character. In this sense, eyes are similar to windows because they can reveal information to the observer. Metaphor Example 2 "But thy eternal summer shall not fade"- William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18 This line of poetry comes from one of William Shakespeare’s most beloved sonnets, often called "Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?" In this poem, Shakespeare is comparinga young man's beauty to that of a warm summer day. In this particular line,the speaker assertsthat the man's "eternal summer" will never end, meaning that the speaker believes the essence of the man will live onthrough these very words. Shakespeare was a fan of metaphors- and earrings, apparently. Metaphor Example 3 "'Cause, baby, you're a firework / Come on, let your colors burst"- Katy Perry, "Firework" In her mega-hit song "Firework," Katy Perry uses a metaphor to compare "you" (the listener) to a firework. Fireworks are bright, captivating, and attention-grabbing, and so the implication here is that "you," too, are important and need to be confident in the value you bring. Examples of Similes Next up, here are some examples of famous similes. Remember that althoughsimiles perform the same function as metaphors in that theymake a comparison between two different things, similes always use the words "as" or"like" to make the comparison,whereas metaphors do not. Simile Example 1 My dad always wears glasses. Without them, he's as blind as a bat. The above simile "[as] blind as a bat" is a particularly well-knownsaying that compares a person's inability to see to the (alleged) blindness of bats, which hunt for prey primarily using echolocation instead of sight. Basically, this simile means that someone’s ability to see is quite poor. (Note that this saying isn't normally used to describe someone who is actually blind- it’s purposefully hyperbolic!) In this example, although the dad is evidently not blind- he just wears glasses to see- this simile implies that his ability to see things clearly without glasses is shockingly (and even laughably) low, comparable to a bat's inability to see clearly. Simile Example 2 "I wandered lonely as a Cloud / That floats on high o'er Vales and Hills"- William Wordsworth, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" You’ve possibly already read this famous poem in English class. These two lines, the first of which contains the simile "lonely as a Cloud," come from William Wordsworth’s renowned 1807 poem, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud." The simile here draws a unique and compelling comparison between the loneliness of the speaker, who wanders around without accompaniment, and the "loneliness" of a cloud that floats around in the sky all by itself. Note: This simile uses another literary device called personification, whereinan inanimate object is given human-like qualities. In this case, the cloud "wanders" just as a human does. Simile Example 3 "My momma always said life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you’re gonna get."- Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump Even if you’re not a die-hard Tom Hanks fan, you’ve probably heard this memorableline from the 1994 classic Forrest Gump. The phrase "life was like a box of chocolates" is a clear simile in that "life" is being compared to "a box of chocolates" using the word "like" (which once again shows us that this is a simile and not a metaphor). The meaning of this simile is clearly explained in the sentence that follows: "You never know what you’re gonna get." In other words, life is random and mysterious in the same exact way a box of chocolates is. You can't predict what kind of chocolate you'll get,just asyou can’tpredict what will happen in your life. As long as it's not that weird, mushy, cherry-filled chocolate, I'm good. Simile vs Metaphor Quiz Here’s a short simile vs metaphor quiz to see whether you truly know the difference betweenthe two literary devices. Mark an X under "Metaphor" or "Simile" for each phrase depending on whether you think it has a metaphor or simile. Be aware that a phrase might contain both a metaphor and simile, or neither! Phrase Metaphor Simile 1. "But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? / It is the east, and Juliet is the Sun." - WilliamShakespeare, Romeo and Juliet 2. Poor thing, your hands are as cold as ice! 3. "Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa."- Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita 4. "Dying is a wild Night and a new Road."- Emily Dickinson 5. The song was an array of bright colors swirling around in the air. Like medicine, it made the boy perk up almost instantly. 6. "Fire away, fire away / You shoot me down but I won't fall / I am titanium"- David Guetta ft. Sia, "Titanium" 7. That girl over there looks a lot like my sister. 8. "Just like a moth drawn to a flame / Oh, you lured me in, I couldn't sense the pain"- Shawn Mendes, "Stitches" Answers Metaphor Simile Simile Metaphor Both Metaphor Neither Simile Answer Explanations 1. "But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? / It is the east, and Juliet is the Sun."- William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet In this classic line from Shakespeare'sRomeo and Juliet, Romeo spots a light coming from Juliet’s bedroom, causing him to compare Juliet to a sunrise- an image that evokes a sense of wonder, hope, and happiness. Because Romeo doesn’t use the words "like" or "as,"this line is a metaphor. 2. Poor thing, your hands are as cold as ice! Here, the speaker is comparing the low temperature of the listener's hands to the (literal) coldness of ice with the phrase "as cold as ice." This saying is commonly used to indicate that a person or an object is extremely cold to the touch (even thoughthe thing being described is likely not literally the same exact temperature of ice). The word "as" is used to make the comparison, so this example is a simile. This bubble is literallyas cold as ice. 3. "Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa."- Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita This beautifully descriptive sentence from Vladimir Nabokov’s controversial 1955 novel Lolita compares the image of hunched elderly women to the Leaning Tower of Pisa, a historical Italian building most famous for its noticeable tilt. Because Nabokov uses the word "like" to make the comparison between the women and "towers of Pisa," this sentence is a simile. 4. "Dying is a wild Night and a new Road."- Emily Dickinson Renowned American poet Emily Dickinson wrote this grave, albeit poignant, sentence in a letter penned in 1869. Dickinson compares the act of dying to "a wild Night and a new Road," implying that death is a natural course of action in life. Because the comparisondoes not use the words"like" or "as," it is a metaphor. 5. The song was an array of bright colors swirling around in the air. Like medicine, it made the boy perk up almost instantly. This example uses both a metaphor and a simile to express the overall positive feelings a boy has when listening to a particular song. The first sentence is a metaphor: the song he is listening to is described as "an array of bright colors," even though music isn’t actually visible to the human eye. Since this comparison doesn’t use the words"like" or "as," it is a plain metaphor. The second sentence, however, makes another comparison, this time using the word "like." The song is described as being"like medicine" because it makes the boy feel better- the same effect medicines are supposed to have on people when they feel sick. Because the word "like" is used, this second sentence is a simile. 6. "Fire away, fire away / You shoot me down but I won't fall / I am titanium"- David Guetta ft. Sia, "Titanium" This line, taken from the chorus of the 2011 hit song "Titanium" by David Guetta, describes the speaker asthesuper-strong metal titanium. This image, then, tells us that the speaker is really similar to titanium in that he or she is both strong and resilient. Because neither"like" nor "as" ispresent here,this lyric is an example of a metaphor. 7. That girl over there looks a lot like my sister. In this sample sentence, the physical appearance of "that girl" is being compared to that of the speaker’s sister. Although you might be tempted to say this is a simile because it uses the word "like," you’d be wrong! There is no metaphor or simile at play here.The "like" we see here is still being used to make a comparison, but it is a comparison between two similarthings (the two girls). Recall that the basis for any metaphor or simile is that you must be comparing two unalike things. Comparing a duck to another duckwon't give you a metaphor but WILL give you a ton of quacking. 8. "Just like a moth drawn to a flame / Oh, you lured me in, I couldn't sense the pain"- Shawn Mendes, "Stitches" This line comes from the 2015 pop hit "Stitches" recorded by Shawn Mendes. The speaker here is describing howmesmerized he is by his lover by comparing his situation to that of "a moth drawn to a flame." Because he uses the word "like" in this particular line, this lyric is an example of a simile. How to Use Similes and Metaphors in Writing: 4 Tips Now that we’ve gone over the major difference between a simile and metaphor, let’s take a look at four tips to keep in mind when you want to use one of these literary tools in your own writing. #1: Avoid Clichà ©s One big tip you’ll want to remember when writing anything- whether it’s a poem or a story- is to avoid clichà ©d metaphors and similes as much as possible. Using clichà ©d metaphors in your writing generally indicates to readers that you don’t find it necessary to take time to come up with original comparisons; it’s also often interpreted to mean that you lack creativity and are a lazy writer. Clichà ©s include any overused sayings or idiomatic expressions, such as the following: Strong as an ox Sick as a dog Time flies Hot as hell White as snow Scared to death Fish out of water Two peas in a pod Check out this website for a longer list of clichà ©s to avoid. Though you should generally avoid using these types of sayings, if you’re writing dialogue for a story, colloquial expressions such as these would beperfectly fine to use, especially if you’re trying to capture a more realistic conversation between people. That being said, definitely try toavoidusing clichà ©s in descriptions and expository passages. Coming up with your ownsimiles and metaphors will ultimately make your writing more creative, more authentic, and more compelling. #2: Don’t Overuse Similes and Metaphors Be careful of overusing similes and metaphors in any type of writing you do. Obviously, the definition of what counts as overusing figurative language will vary depending on the person. Indeed,whereas somerenowned writers adore metaphors andhave a penchant for flowery passages, others opt to avoid them as much as possible la Ernest Hemingway. No matter your preferred writing style, you don’t want your text to be ambiguous, confusing, or completely devoid of concrete substance. A passage that is 90% metaphorical is a lot more likely to exhaust and confuse readers than it is to impress or inspire them. Moreover, toomuch figurative language will weakentheimpact of each metaphor,and you want theseto be particularly powerful. So tread lightly and always err on the side of less is more! #3: Be Sure the Comparison Makes Sense Although the two things being compared in a metaphor or simile should be pretty different from each other, you need to make sure that there's still something similar between them so that the comparison makes sense to the reader and can be readily understood and interpreted. For example, if you’re trying to describe the delicious, tantalizing smell of freshly baked chocolate chip cookies, it wouldn’treally make sense to compare it to the smell of a dumpster or something else notoriously gross and stinky. Similarly, the connection between the two things must be immediately clear to the reader. If you were to write, "He looked as comfortable as a penguin," readerswould very likely have no idea how this feeling of being comfortable relates to penguins specifically. Instead, you could write, "He looked as comfortable as a penguin on ice," since penguins are mostat ease incold, icy settings. Alternatively, you could use asimile or metaphor to make an ironic or sarcastic statement. In the example given above, say you want to point out how uncomfortable the man is. This means you could write something like, "He looked as comfortable as a penguin in a Miami zoo." Because penguins' natural habitat is in the (much colder) Antarctic, the irony here is that the man is clearly not comfortablein the same way penguins must feel in a hot, caged environment. If you’re not sure whether a metaphor or simile you’ve written makes sense, ask a family member or friend to read it (ideally in context) and see whether they can grasp the meaning you’re trying to make with it. Be as comfortable (and as adorably fluffy) as these baby penguins. #4: Avoid Sticking With the First Metaphor You Think Of This final tip is for serious writers and one I got from my own creative writing professor in college. The basic point here is that you should never feel compelled to go with the first metaphor or simile you come up with. When people write stories, they can be tempted to stick with the very first "clever" metaphor or simile they think of- but oftentimes these phrases can be drastically improved upon and made clearer and more relevant. But is it really bad to stick with the first metaphor you think of? Of course not! Sometimes people do come up with amazing metaphors right away and end up keeping them as is, even in the final version of the text. But this certainly isn’t the case for most people.In reality,the best writers will be the ones who take time to reread, tweak, and improve sentences and passages- including metaphors and similes- they’ve written. Doing all this will not only give you practice with metaphors and similes, but will also help you get used to the long-winded, albeit worthwhile, process that is creative writing! What’s Next? Got questions about other common literary devices? Then check out our in-depth guide to the 31 most important literary devices you should know. Working on a story or prepping for the AP Literature test?Learn all about the most important literary elements that make up a story. Thinking about amajor in creative writing? Then you'll definitely want to take a look at the top creative writing programs in the country!

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